Research Paper on Langston Hughes

Name English 1302. FE1 April 19, 2013 Research project: Langston Hughes Anybody can be philosopher, and come up with wonderful ideas and thoughts in their head. How many of those people can actually get those ideas and thoughts on to paper. For others to cherish or criticize, to love or hate. Only a select few can achieve such a task and it doesn't come easy; to be able to relate to a great amount of people and know that they have the same ideas. It is almost as if you are talking for a group of people when you write a poem cause those feelings you have when you are writing it transcends to those that are reading the poem.Creating feelings with just a group of words and bringing back past emotions or new emotions to the reader. Langston Hughes is one of those incredible people. The way his poems bring a sensation to them that some other poets can’t even process. â€Å"Hughes was a very complex person, split between a sophisticated consciousness and a fierce determination to c reate a popular and simplified poetic art† (Bloom 10). Langston Hughes had a way of reaching his people by speaking to the black people and putting down everyday life for them. He helped form a new kind of poetry with more rhythm style. Hughes was an established figure in the Harlem Renaissance, a cultural movement characterized by an explosion of black literature, theater, music, painting, and political and racial consciousness†(Meyers 908). Jazz was growing during the Harlem Renaissance and Langston captured that in jazz poetry. â€Å"Jazz poetry is a literary genre defined as poetry necessarily informed by jazz music†¦ Jazz poetry, like the music itself, encompasses a variety of forms, rhythms, and sounds. † (A Brief Guide to Jazz Poetry). Jazz poetry can be seen as a thread that runs through the Harlem Renaissance, the Beat movement, and the Black Arts Movement.Jazz poems are supposed to bring a vivid imagery in your head. To which Langston could write po ems that could almost make you feel like you were there dancing and galloping in joy. Langston Hughes was born in a regular black family. The talent of Langston Hughes really emerged in high school where he participated on the yearbook staff, wrote for the school newspaper, and began his short stories. He found that he loved writing. He brought black culture into books and poetry. â€Å"Hughes’s poems, populist and expressionistic, rarely demand, or receive, ‘close reading’† (Bloom 8). He died a great poet, activist, and novelist.His â€Å"impressive body of work makes him an important literary artist and a leading African American voice of the twentieth century. † (Meyers 913). Poetry is such a strong and magical force that is too hard not to be ignored. Poems can come from great depths from death to dreams. Theme in poems are endless, they can be anything. Many poets play off of one theme their whole careers, because they have so much meaning that they felt yet haven’t seen the light of many people. Langston Hughes has a broad amount of themes in his poems, such as uplifting the black people and to help them not be ashamed of whom they are.He kept that one of his major themes for most of his poems. I believe that can also be a broad theme for all his poems. All of Hughes’ poems helped with getting the black culture up and rising and fighting cause things would get better. He gave blacks a sense of optimism. He brought many of his followers to a better place every time they read his poems. Langston Hughes wrote many great poems, I have chosen a select few to write about and try to dig deep inside of them to know where he was coming from. Langston Hughes, a great poet has presented many themes in his works. A theme is the overall process of a poem and gives it life.I will be discovering and understanding the themes Langston Hughes uses in four chosen poems. â€Å"Mother to Son,† by Langston Hughes, is a po em about a mother telling her son about all the hardships that she had to go through in her life. Then she tells her son not to give up no matter how hard it is to keep going on. The stairs and everything on or not on it are a metaphor for her life. This poem is about never giving up. â€Å"So boy, don’t you turn back. Don’t you set down on the steps. † (Mother to Son lines 14-15) Sometimes everything just feels like nothing is going right and you feel like there is no point in even trying anymore.Life â€Å"ain’t been no crystal stair† (Mother to Son line 20) but its essential to press on. You can overcome anything. There are always ups, and downs in life and you have to endure whatever life throws at you and push through it. â€Å"Park Bench,† Is a story of two different lives and how ambitions of one lead to the same status as his counterpart. Park Bench has an undertone of being an underdog and coming from nothing, a â€Å"rags to riche s† story. We all look at people within a higher class and desire to have that lifestyle. Everybody wants to be the wealthiest or part of the higher class, but how many of them actually go out and do that? That I might, just maybe, in a year or two, Move on over To Park Avenue? † (Park Bench lines 9-12) is a good line to represent the ambitions people have; to move up in the world and to have the dream to be able to afford living in high status. Just having the strength to have the ambition to set a goal with so much meaning and fulfilling it. It plays on the American Dream of coming from a next to nothing situation and having the will power to show the world that you aren't just â€Å"anybody† but a â€Å"somebody†. Hughes has a way of making it seem as if anything is possible.If he can do it, I can too. This poem really brings out something that lies deep inside of me and I want to make it. I could see this poem inspiring the black man wanting to strive fo r more. â€Å"I, Too,† is an excellent poem. It is about the life of a black person who grows up mentally and believes that he can achieve a lot by just standing up for himself. It is almost as if he decided to go against the grain and start a revolution. â€Å"Besides, they’ll see how beautiful I am and be ashamed. † (I, Too Lines 15-17). By being a gentlemen and being nice, the people had nothing to do, but like him.This poem shows you don’t have to have violence to be a bigger man. Also he is saying that everyone in this country is equal and we are all American, so why are we degraded people just because of the color of their skin. â€Å"I, Too Am American. † â€Å"(I, Too Lines 18). We are all created the same, so he was saying the world itself is fucked up enough, so why are we here disgracing others and believing some are better than others. This was a strong poem and painted a great picture of how life was back then. â€Å"Frederick Dougla ss,† is a poem about a man who strived to be free.The theme of this poem shows drive and perseverance to freedom. â€Å"On which he set his feet, to route each path toward freedom’s goal† (Frederick Douglass lines 10-13). Douglass’ strength of character is so great, Hughes says, that he cannot die. Though he has been formally dead since 1895, his spirit's vitality remains as strong as ever. His strength came not from sheer will but from his will to liberate the enslaved. â€Å"From the beginning of his career to the end of it, Hughes spoke out clearly and courageously for racial justice. † (Taylor). Hughes poetry reveals his hearty appetite for all humanity, his insistence on justice for all, and his faith in the transcendent possibilities of joy and hope that make room for everyone at Americas table. † (Meyers 916). Langston Hughes brought a new view to many people and let many people in on the life of a regular black lifestyle. He was a true activist and brought hope and inspiration to many black people. â€Å"Langston Hughes is one of the essential figures in American literature. His career is much larger than the body of his poetry alone.By his work and his example, he has enriched our lives† (Taylor). What makes a poet great is that they can paint a picture in your head as well as give you a new view of things and make you feel what they are saying. You can basically see the poet writing down the words for the first time, as your mind starts painting the picture word by word stroke by stroke. As soon as a word comes out a new stroke emerges and brings you to new depths. You can feel the life and feel the pain and triumph in many of Hughes’ poems. Langston Hughes, a great poet has presented many themes in his works and gives them life.Works Cited Author Unknown. â€Å"A Brief Guide to Jazz Poetry. †Academy of American Poets. n. d. Web. 2 April. 2013. ;www. poets. org/viewmedia. php/prmMID/5660;. Bloom, Harold, ed. Langston Hughes: Comprehensive Research and Study Guide. Broomall: Chelsea House Publishers, 1998. Web. Hughes, Langston: â€Å"Frederick Douglas. † The Compact Bedford Introduction toLiterature. Ed. Michael Meyer. 8thed. Boston. Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2009. 931-932. Print. —. â€Å"I, Too. †The Compact Bedford Introduction toLiterature. Ed. Michael Meyer. 8thed. Boston. Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2009. 15. Print. —. â€Å"Mother to Son. † The Compact Bedford Introduction toLiterature. Ed. Michael Meyer. 8thed. Boston. Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2009. 917. Print. —. â€Å"Park Bench. †The Compact Bedford Introduction toLiterature. Ed. Michael Meyer. 8th ed. Boston. Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2009. 924. Print. Meyer, Michael. â€Å"A Study of Langston Hughes. †The Compact Bedford Introductionto Literature. Ed. Michael Meyer. 8thed. Boston. Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2009. 907-936. Print. Taylor, Henry. â€Å"He Heard America Jiving. † The New York Times. December 25, 1994. Web. 3 Apr. 2013.

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Chidera Egbukwu Mr. Bodden ENG4U 10 September 2012 Downturn in Ontario Economy The city of Ontario has become a place of interest due to the economical issue of financial inequality, non-affordable houses, poorest funding of public services among all other provinces. In response to the economic downturn of the Ontario economy due to the excesses of debt run, the world of the Ontario economies is approaching a new era, which is very negative. With a population of more than thirteen million (13,000,000 >), which is 38. % of Canada, Ontario is home to one in three Canadians. More than 15 percent live in urban Centre’s, largely in cities on the shores of the great lakes. Regardless of the size of Ontario, it is ranked at the bottom of the province pack inclusive of: Alberta,  British Columbia,  Manitoba,  New Brunswick,  Newfoundland and Labrador,  Nova Scotia,  Ontario,  Prince Edward Island,  Quebec, and  Saskatchewan. When it comes to funding and access to public programs and services ranging from health care to education and justice to disability benefits.The income gap between rich in Ontario is very high with the provinces poor and middle classes (grassroots citizens) working more hours with inconsequential income gains while the richest still gain more huge income with less experience in hard work, in other words no matter how hard the poor/middle class work they cant earn as much or even 10 percent as much as the rich. Ontario also has the worst record on affordable housing, with 152,077 Ontario households on wait lists in January 2011, the report says.In 2009, Ontario spent $64 per person on affordable housing compared to the provincial average of $115 per person. The poor still can’t even afford the houses that range from prices as high as C$292,500, which happens to be the cheapest price for a house in Ontario. From 1981 to 2010,Ontario experienced the largest income inequality of any of the eleven provinces at the same time having the second highest increase in poverty rate. According to the Ontario long-term report, in 2009, the government announced a comprehensive tax package that will help create jobs and make Ontario more competitive.I think the problem for Ontario with this move might be that borrowing money amongst the middle class and grass-root Ontarians, which will make Ontario reaching its budget target harder to reach. â€Å"Economic growth will slow to 2. 7% in 2011 following the ? rst full-year recovery rebound to an estimated 3. 0% in 2010. The economy grows more slowly in 2012 with the removal of government stimulus and ? scal consolidation along with slower growth in exports. Business investment spending stands out as the most robust sector of the economy growing at an average 6% annual rate during the forecast period.The unemployment rate slowly retreats from its highs, remaining above 8% this year and falling to below 7% in 2014. In? ation spikes higher in 2011 due to higher en ergy and food prices but settles down in the following three years to just above 2% annually. The province’s export-oriented industries struggle under a currency at par and below normal U. S. import demand. â€Å"(Helmut Pastrick, 2011) The highlight of Ontario’s forecast for 2011 to 2014. John Milloy, the minister of community and social services â€Å"we realize that the system needs fixing. I’m the first to admit that there are some huge problems with it†.Personally I take that as an ignorant comment because of the Ontarian government were really concerned about the declining turmoil of the Ontarian economy, immediate changes would be made in the financial aspect of the economy to prevent a great breakdown of the economy from the growth stage to decline stage (recession). Some of the changes I think should be made are: Improvement of basic infrastructure, modernizing tax system , creating more job opportunities to reduce unemployment, more public serv ices ,improving productivity , On the long run. Growth and macro economy.

Alternative Energy Sources Essay Example for Free (#3)

Alternative Energy Sources Essay What does a car, heater, and stove have in common? They are all powered by fuel sources. The most popular being fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are dead plant and animal matter that has been compressed and heated over millions of years. They are burned to create heat, which in turn creates energy. However, with heavy industrialization (agricultural and manufacturing), transportation, and personal energy use, our world’s fossil fuel supplies are rapidly depleting. Even more, fossil fuels pollute our environment. Scientists are on the search for alternative energy sources so the world can be weaned of its fossil fuel supply. Out of the many alternative fuel sources, I will be focusing on solar and wind power. Solar power is simply the conversion of energy from the sun into usable energy. Solar energy can be harvested in two ways: indirectly by using the heat of the sun and directly by utilizing its energy to turn it into electricity. What makes solar power so popular is the fact that it can be used anywhere that has sunlight. Solar power can be collected in 3 different ways: solar heat collectors, solar thermal concentrating systems, and photovoltaics. Solar heat collectors are collectors that are designed to absorb the heat from the sun. The most common ones are flat plate collectors that have a dark absorber plate that is covered with a transparent plate (usually glass). In between the two plates are pipes that are filled with heat-transferring liquid like antifreeze. When sunlight strikes the absorber plate in the collector, the heat is absorbed into the liquid, which is then passed through pipes to the water heater. When the liquid is finished being used, it flows back up to the plate where it is heated again and repeats the process. Solar thermal concentrating systems use mirrors and lenses to concentrate the energy of the sun into a small area to produce energy. The energy heats up molten salt in pipes that run along the concentrating system which is the power source of a generation system. The concentration system can make the liquid in the pipes heat up to 3000 degrees Celsius in some cases, which makes this method preferable for industrial use or electricity. Finally, the use of photovoltaics directly converts light from the sun into electricity at the atomic power. The system consists of a solar cell, which is made of semi-conductive materials like silicon. The solar cells are made to create an electric field. When the light from the sun hits the cell, the lectrons are separated from the atoms and form an electric current, which produces electricity. There are many benefits for using solar power as an alternative fuel source. 1) Solar power is constantly renewable. The energy from the sun will virtually never run out. 2) The sun is also available world wide so it is a power that everyone can use. 3) Solar energy is also very low maintenance; after installation of the systems there is barely any other work involved with it. In addition, 4) it is a silent producer of energy, even with the photovoltaic cells. However there are a few cons that go along with solar energy. ) Even though the sun is a free source of energy, the cost of solar cells can be quite costly with most cells starting a $1000 for one. 6) Solar energy can only be produced when the sun is out so that means about half of the day solar panels aren’t generating electricity. Lastly, 7) weather can affect the efficiency of the solar panels. Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useable form of energy. Wind power is used widely around the world since there is wind everywhere, however you are most likely to find wind power being used in higher elevations (such as hills) since that is where the wind is the strongest. Wind power is harvested with wind turbines. The process is pretty simple: the wind spins the turbines, which activates a generator, which converts the energy into electricity. Like solar power energy, 1) wind power is sustainable and renewable since wind will always be around to move the turbine. 2) Wind power is also free. 3) The land that the wind turbines are on can be shared for other uses such as farming. 4) Since wind power is available worldwide, the US can use the turbines as its own fuel source and free its dependence from foreign oil. On the negative side, 5) wind turbines can take up a lot of space. ) Even though it is a clean source, the turbines can be very noisy which may be bothersome to nearby communities. Lastly, 7) the cost of wind turbines and the generators are far more expensive than fossil fuels, which makes it a poor competitor cost-wise. With the depletion of fossil fuels, alternative fuel sources are the obvious choice for the present and future. Two of these sources, solar and wind power, are both revolutionizing the way we produce electricity, while benefiting the environment. Even though they both have a few cons, the fact that we have energy sources that are both sustainable and renewable is far superior to the latter. Alternative Energy Sources. (2017, Jan 25).

The Marxist theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Marxist theory - Research Paper Example The Marxist theory According to Bechmann (143), the media institution must be considered to be a part of the economic system with close links to the political system. The consequence of this can be seen through the reduction of independent media sources, the concentration of the news on large markets, the avoidance of risks by media houses, and the reduction of investment in less profitable media tasks such as investigative reporting and documentary film making. There is also a neglect of the poorer sectors of the potential audience and the range of news media is often politically unbalanced. The Frankfurt School is a neo-Marxist thought which rebelled against modern society and media as creators and bearers of contemporary culture and ideology. Their criticism of mass communication media was that they hamper the road to a utopian society which is free from class and domination, and that media also stands in the way of change. Negt (61) states that by selectively presenting reality, including aspects o f culture, education, and entertainment (in which the bourgeois values enjoy priority) the media confirms and supports the dominant capitalist ideologies and thus maintains the status quo at the cost of the working class, which is represented by the masses. This school is therefore concerned about the ideological manipulation and exploitation of the mass media by capitalist considerations. The media dependency theory, which is also known as the media system dependency theory, has often been explored as an expansion of the gratification approach although here are some slight differences between the two theories, that is, media dependency looks to the viewers goal as the origin of the dependency while the gratification theory emphasizes on the needs of the audience. Both the dependency theory and the gratification theory are, however, in agreement that media use may lead to reliance and according to the media dependency theory, the more reliant a person is on the medium for having his or her requirements satisfied, the more significant the medium will be to that individual. According to Einwiller et al. (305), the individual’s reliance on a particular medium is influenced by the amount of media sources available to that individual because a person should become more reliant on a particular available media if his access to alternative media is inadequate. The more alternatives there are for a person, the less dependent will he be on only one specific medium. There are, in my opinion, more similarities than differences between the theories of Marxists and that of the media dependency concerning the media. Both are concerned about the effect of media on the society, especially more about the use of the elite within such a society of the media to further their own ends, namely, the maintenance of their status. Media is used to control the masses so that they do not rise in rebellion against the oppressive upper classes of their society. It is not used for the purpose of social progress, as is claimed by the heads of media corporations, but for the purpose of maintaining the status quo so that the lower classes can continue to render their services to the elite and in the process making the elite richer, while the working classes remain poor. By limiting the content and quality of the media that the masses can access, the elite are able to perpetuate and justify its reasons for dominating the society as well as why they oppress the working classes for their own benefit. A very good example is when one

American Economic History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

American Economic History - Essay Example For an approximate of 230 years, the United States has expanded into an economy which is massive, integrated and industrialized. It is known to comprise of close to a quarter of the world economy. All this is attributed to extensive and unified market, substantive political and legal system, extensive farmland that is productive, immense natural resources that include timber, coal, iron, and oil and individuals commitment to invest both material and the human capital. The American economy has sustained high wages in various sectors and this has attracted several immigrants. The overall success has been boosted in America by the key roles of both the technological and the industrial factors. The white Americans viewed the economy of the Indian-American as being primitive. It involved hunting and gathering and later inclusion of farming activities. Today, scholars have highlighted the existence of harmony between the environment and the Indian-American nation’s economic life. Th ey clearly portray the significance of the advice and education provided by the Indian- American to the survival of the European settlers. The American economy during the settlement up to the revolution is considered as colonial. It is known for its provision of raw material which included; crops, iron ore, timber for ships, furs, and cotton to its mother country. Direct economic contact existed between the Great Britain and the colonies. The American colonies fell out with its mother country due to bitterness of their reliance and underlying role in the British Empire economic life. Being in thirteen colonies, the Americans demanded for their rights, they wanted to be independent so that they could be able to elect those who will govern and tax them. This idea was greatly resisted by the British. It led to the introduction of the American Revolution, which resulted in war between the British and the Americans and later independence for the United States of America. With an attempt to bring down the American economy, the British blocked all the ports. However, the American economy remained flexible mainly because majority of its population were farming and a minority being in the cities. Its economy managed to support war that took place between 1775 and 1783. Tremendous growth was witnessed in the American economy between the period of the revolution and the civil war. Though it still remained agricultural, the manufacturing and the industry development was nurtured by the economy. The development of the American politics is attributed to the existence of economic and political competition in the north, west and south sections. Gradually, the nation established an economic system which was unified. The American economic life integration was determined by various technological developments which included invention of steamboat, the railroads and the telegraph, and the growth of new economic enterprises for example telegraph and railroads systems. The railroads had a great impact on the American economy especially between 1850 and 1873. It enabled the country to experience a transition into an urban industrial nation in possession of high finance and superior managerial skills. Railroads made the remote places accessible with costs of freight movement and the

Esping-Andersens Welfare Regime Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Esping-Andersens Welfare Regime Model - Essay Example The setting of a state’s welfare is decisive to the operation of the state and the health of the citizens. It is vital to discuss the differences in state welfare regimes. This helps in understanding the differences in state operations and the health of its population among countries. Esping-Andersen came up with the most relevant typology for welfare states. Esping-Andersen using classical European political economy approach differentiates between three types of welfare regimes (Edwards, 2003). Esping-Andersen differentiates the state welfare regimes on three major principles. These principles are social stratification, deco-modification and the public private mix. Deco-modification refers to the extent to which the welfare of the individual is independent of the market. It also refers to the individual’s ability to receive social services as a right. Social stratification describes the welfare state role in matters concerning structure of the society according to Schi ldt (2010). Lastly, public-private mix focuses on roles played by the state, the market, family and the voluntary sector in the particular welfare regimes. Espin-Andersen identifies three main types of welfare regimes: the conservative, social democratic and the liberal welfare regime models as noted by Edwards (2003). The liberal model incorporates free market maximization for the market maintenance. It makes the assumption that all people are able to participate in the market. The underlying idea in market participation leads to freedom of competition. It emphasizes on public and private sector partnership. The workers in liberal model are unlikely to be fully co-modified, however they advocate for cash compensation. According to Annamari (2009), the liberal model of state welfare regime is found in countries like England and the United States of America Conservative Welfare Regime The conservative welfare regime is popular in countries like Germany, France and Belgium among other s. It promotes social assistance and provides for extensive welfare services for all the population. This model perceives the state as a minimal interventionist. Esping-Andersen argues that categorizing the European welfare states as part of the conservative model can be viewed as pejorative (Edwards, 2003). Social Democratic Welfare Regime Social democratic welfare is popular with Nordic countries. It is also referred to as Nordic Model. The social democratic model espouses individualism thus removing individual reliance on the family and it is associated with expensive taxes. This model has an element of egalitarianism which depicts the practice of universalism. The model is also individual oriented as it promotes their well-being (Larsen, 2006). The Advantages and Disadvantages of Comparing Welfare States Using Esping-Andersen’s Welfare Regime Esping-Andersen model has been of importance in as far classification of states according to welfare regimes. The model has several advantages which makes it remain more relevant compared to other welfare regimes. In as far as the social democratic welfare regime is concerned; it is redistributive in terms of the states wealth. Universal welfare and systems of benefits are used as rights and there is public provision of the universal welfare services. Esping-Andersen’s social democratic model depends on high employment levels and thus offers women employment. It also provides less emphasis on the family’s responsibility for its members’ welfare as opposed to other models. The state therefore assumes most of the family responsibility (Larsen, 2006). The elements of egalitarianism depict in Esping-Andersen’s model the practice of universalism as suggested by Mann (2001). The advantage here is that every citizen enjoys same benefits and rights as well regardless of whether they are rich or not. This means that there is equal provision of services without

How does Technology Affect the Law, How does the Law Affect Technology Research Paper

How does Technology Affect the Law, How does the Law Affect Technology - Research Paper Example They have become a staple need in our daily lives and even provide entertainment for a boring day at work. Cell phones, as handy as they may be, can cause distractions which provide the opportunity to end the carrier’s life and even those around them. On July 1st, 2008, California State passed a law banning the use of wireless phones while operating a motorized vehicle. In the United States, cell phones cause about 2,600 deaths and 330,000 mobile phone related injuries per year ( livescience.com. 2005). With the new law in effect, it will help prevent the use of mobile phones while driving and hopefully cause less deaths and injuries. On the conservationist front, the Californian government is proposing to ban the usage and sales of large screen television sets. In a report by wired.com, by January 1, 2011, California’s television size limit will reduce to 0.156* Screen Area (sq. in.) + 80 and 0.12* Screen Area (sq. in.) + 25 in 2013. This stand is to help reduce energy consumption and promote energy conservation in California and will reduce energy costs by 49%. Other electrical appliances to have been regulated by the government include air conditioners, and even refrigerators. Facebook, a popular website used by millions world-wide, has caused even the Canadian government to change its plans. On December 7th, 2007, an internet law professor, Micheal Geist created a group in Facebook informing Canadians of their government’s plans of a copy write reformation. BBC news ( 2007) reported that in just two weeks over 30,000 members had joined the group. In fact, many members contacted the Canadian government on the issue. The Canadian Industry Minister, Jim Prentice, decided to delay the reformation. This was proof to many organizations that technological mediums cannot be ignored. With ever-changing technologies, the law may be too slow to keep it in check. Although decades of law enforcement for technology

Male and Female Sexual Images and Portrayals Essay

Male and Female Sexual Images and Portrayals - Essay Example This "Male and Female Sexual Images and Portrayals" essay outlines the usage of sexuality of both genders in advertisement. The whole point of sexually idolizing the males and females in advertisement is for subliminal advertisement purpose where the sexual image is unconscious in an individual’s mind but it drives them to purchase the product being advertised in future or as soon as one sees the advertisement. The consumers purchase in order to look like the sexy male or female in the advertisement or intend to get such a sexy male or female as a companion once they have the product. This subliminal advertising is common in beauty products or other products such as cars. The sexual idolization of male and female in advertising is not bound to end soon. According to advertisers, the trend in fact is headed towards more â€Å"steamy† sexual idolization and this has already begun in some magazines. Some of the gender exclusive magazines such as playboy have product advertisements with completely nude photographs of models or celebrities. These images are meant to induce sexual fantasies to the target population driving them to purchase the products in large numbers, remain faithful to the brand and even advertise the products to their friends and colleagues through the word of mouth and by showing them the magazine photos. There is increased cut throat competition in each industry with each company trying to assign itself a position by outdoing each other and this is where innovative, creative and sexualized advertisements comes in.

Woodrow Wilson and World War 1 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Woodrow Wilson and World War 1 - Research Paper Example 2 He had no belief in the Presidential form of government in the earlier years of his political career. He considered that the checks and balances in the U.S. Constitution did not provide for accountability on any arm of the federal structure. He rather advocated Parliamentary form of government. However in the later years he gained confidence in the Presidential system and got elected twice as the President.3 World War 1 World War 1 started in the year 1914 among the European countries due to the deep rooted naval rivalry between the great powers especially Great Britain and Germany who had amicably settled their differences only temporarily. France had misgivings about its lost provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to Germany and the resultant enmity had been brewing between them. Austria-Hungary and Russia had been resisting war with the Balkan countries in the years 1912 and 1913. In fact Europe had been witnessing a series of crises since 1900 that had brought great powers almost clo se to war. By 1914, the differences among these countries became insoluble and they started engaging in war against one another. 4 The United States remained neutral for some years before it was forced into war due to Germany’s aggressive postures. Woodrow Wilson did not believe in wars and advised the citizens of America not to take sides in the war that was in progress in Europe among Germany and Great Britain and others. Wilson lost his wife in 1915 and he later married Edith Boling Galt as his second wife in the same year. In the same year, Germany’s sinking of ships of Britain gave an opportunity for Wilson to mediate between the warring countries of Europe. His visit to Europe for convening a peace conference was reciprocated by European powers. Although the United States was growing in power, it was finding it difficult to protect her trading rights in the midst wars that were fought for victory and survival.5 Declaration of Neutrality Woodrow Wilson, in his mes sage to Congress urged his countrymen to remain neutral. Since people of the United States had their origins of many nations at war in Europe, it was quite natural for them to take conflicting stands. But as the citizens of the United States they should be bound together without exciting passions. If the people are divided, then it would not be possible to maintain peace and mediate as an impartial country. 6 First Warning to Germany Since Germany had been indulging in destroying merchant vessels of the United Sates and killing its people , Wilson issued his first warning to Germany on 10 February 1915 to the then Imperial German Government against attacking merchant vessels on the high seas without entering and searching for any contraband. He informed the German Government that it would be held to a strict accountability in case of attack on the merchant vessels of the U.S. resulting in loss of lives and property.7 War message to congress In view of the continued belligerence of G ermany against the United States, Wilson announced severance of diplomatic relations with Germany from 3 February 1917. In his war message to the congress on 2 April 1917, Wilson informed that Germany was indiscriminately sinking ships of neutral and friendly nations which was a challenge to all mankind. When all the affected nations were to decide how to meet the situations, the United Sates would not take action in a spirit of revenge or assertion of the country’s physical might but as the vindication of human right which the nation championed. On 26th February it was informed to the Congress that the country would assert its neutral rights with arms, right to use the sea in retaliation of unlawful interference, right to safeguard its people against unlawful violence. But as things stood in April, it

Efforts to Reduce the Budget Deficit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Efforts to Reduce the Budget Deficit - Essay Example Indeed in line with the conventional analyses, the United States has been a clear example of how disruptive an increasing debt deficit is to the long-term economic growth. The national debt has not only suppressed the overall national savings, which, in effect, has reduced domestic investments, but has also increased the country’s borrowing abroad, as evident in the current account balances. It is undeniable that sustained national debts over the years have played a lead role in increasing interest rates, making internal borrowing for investments expensive, hence the capital from abroad to finance the federal budget for almost every government that has ever been in place. As a result of the alarming successive decreases in the national income due to the huge returns from the domestic capital stock accruing mostly to the foreigners, a trend that has now erected caps on the national productivity via a mounting unemployment, several statutory budget controls have been enacted by the congress to reduce the budget deficit, with most notable efforts beginning in the year 1985. After years of disagreements between Congress and the President [Regan, to be precise] on either tax increases or spending cuts as a way forward in halting the trend of deficit growth, members of Congress from both sides of the divide finally passed the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 [popularly known as the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act ("GRH")]. Passed and approved by the President as â€Å"an important step towards rectifying decades of fiscal failure† GRH laid down procedures of eliminating the federal budget deficit that stood at $200 billion in 1986 by the year 1991 (Stith, 1988). GRH was essentially a binding enactment, enforced independent of the legislative budget process and the executive orders, which had failed in cutting down the total government spending and/or resisting political pressure for more government programs. The celebration particular ly for President Reagan who had grander ambitions of reducing the share of the national resources consumed by the federal government was, however, short-lived, as the provisions of GRH was ruled a ‘violation of the principles of the separation of powers’ in 1986 by the Supreme Court in Bowsher v. Synar. To save efforts that went into making the GRH from complete collapse, the Congress went back to the drawing board, eliminating the constitutional defects identified by the Supreme Court eventually producing an amended version of GRH that moved automatic sequestration process from the hands of Comptroller General to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in the Office of the President (Stith, 1988). Accordingly, the deficits decreased in the subsequent years as a result of substantial cuts in spending accompanied by economic growth that ensured increased revenues. With the turbulent Bush administration in the 1990s, GRH proved insufficient in restricting the growth of the deficits. Congress, thus, reached an agreement with the regime allowing for a combination of â€Å"tax increases and caps on government spendin

Learning Theories Essay Example for Free

Learning Theories Essay Lev Vygotsky, born in the U. S. S. R. in 1896, is responsible for the social development theory of learning. He proposed that social interaction profoundly influences cognitive development. Vygotsky’s key point is his belief that biological and cultural development do not occur in isolation. Vygotsky approached development differently from Piaget. Piaget believed that cognitive development consists of four main periods of cognitive growth: sensory motor, preoperational, concrete operations, and formal operations. Piaget’s theory suggests that development has an endpoint in goal. Vygotsky, in contrast, believed that development is a process that should be analyzed, instead of a product to be obtained. Marcy P. Driscoll stated (as cited in Riddle, 1999) that â€Å"Vygotsky believes the development process that begins at birth and continues until death is too complex to be defined by stages†. The major theme of Vygotsky’s theoretical framework is that social interaction plays a fundamental role in the development of cognition. Vygoysky states: â€Å"Every function in the child’s cultural development appears twice: first, on the social level, and later, on the individual level; first between people (interpsychological) and then inside the child (intrapsychological) (Funderstanding, 2001). This applies equally to voluntary attention, to logical memory, and to formation of concepts. All the higher functions originate as actual relationships between individuals. A second aspect of Vygotsky’s theory is the idea that the potential for cognitive development is limited to a certain time span that he calls the â€Å"zone of proximal development† (ZPD). Vygotsky believed that this life long process of development was dependent on social interaction and that social learning actually leads to cognitive development (Kearsley, 1998). Vygotsky describes it as â€Å"the distance between the actual development level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through Learning Theories 3 problem solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers† (Funderstanding, 2001). In other words, a student can perform a task under adult guidance or with peer collaboration that could not be achieved alone. The Zone of Proximal Development bridges the gap between what is known and what can be known. Vygotsky claimed that learning occurred in this zone. Therefore, Vygotsky focused on the connections between people and the cultural context in which they act and interact in shared experiences. According to Vygotsky, humans use tools that develop from a culture, such as speech and writing, to mediate their social environments. Initially, Children develop these tools to serve solely as social functions, ways to communicate needs. Vygotsky believed that the internalization of these tools led to higher thinking skills (Riddle, 1999). When Piaget observed young children participating in egocentric speech in their preoperational stage, he believed it was a phase that disappeared once the child reached the stage of concrete operations. Driscoll states (as cited in Riddle, 1999) â€Å"in contrast, Vygotsky viewed this egocentric speech as a transition from social speech to internalized thought†. Thus, Vygotsky believed that thought and language could not exist without each other. Vygotsky’s theory was an attempt to explain consciousness as the end product of socialization. For example, in the learning of language, our first vocal noises with friends or adults are for the purpose of communication, but once mastered they become internalized and allow â€Å"inner speech†. Traditionally, schools have not promoted environments in which the students play an active role in their education and in the education of their friends. Vygotsky’s theory, however, requires the teacher and students to play untraditional roles as they collaborate with each other. Instead of a teacher dictating the lessons to students and later evaluate them, a teacher should collaborate with her students in order to create meaningful ways that students can make their own evaluation. Learning then becomes a reciprocal experience for the students and the teacher. Learning Theories 4. The physical classroom, based on Vygotsky’s theory, would provide clustered desks or tables and work space for peer instruction, collaboration, and small group instruction. Like the environment, the instructional design of material would be structured to promote and encourage student interaction and collaboration. Thus, the classroom becomes a community of learning. Because Vygotsky asserts that cognitive change occurs within the Zone of Proximal development, instruction would be designed to reach a developmental level that is just above the student’s current developmental level. Vygotsky proclaims, â€Å"learning which is oriented toward developmental levels that have already been reached is ineffective from the view point of the child’s overall development. It does not aim for a new stage of the developmental process, but rather lags behind this process† (Social Development, 1996). Appropriation is necessary for cognitive development within the zone of proximal development. Individuals participating in peer collaboration or guided teacher instruction must share the same focus in order to access the zone. Samuel J. Hausfather states (as cited in Riddle, 1999), â€Å"joint attention and shared problem solving is needed to create a process of cognitive, social, and emotional interchange†. Furthermore, it is essential that the partners be on different developmental levels. In addition, the partner that is on the higher level needs to be aware of his partner’s lower level. If this does not occur, or if one partner continually dominates, the interaction is less successful. Scaffolding and reciprocal teaching are effective strategies to access the zone. Scaffolding requires the teacher to provide students the opportunity to extend the current skills and knowledge. Hausfather reports (as cited in Riddle, 1999) â€Å"the teacher must engage students’ interests, simplify tasks so they are manageable, and motivate students to pursue the instructional goal. In addition, the teacher must look for discrepancies between students’ efforts and the solution, control for frustration and risk, and model an idealized version of the act†. Learning Theories 5 Reciprocal teaching allows for the creation of a dialogue between students and teachers. This two-way communication becomes an instructional strategy by encouraging students to go beyond answering and discussing questions. A study (as cited in Riddle, 1999) demonstrated the Vygotskian approach with reciprocal teaching methods in their successful program to teach reading strategies. The teacher and students alternated turns leading small group discussions on reading. After modeling four reading strategies, students began to assume the teaching role. Results of this study showed significant gains over other instructional strategies. Cognitively Guided Instruction is another strategy to implement Vygotsky’s theory. This strategy involves the teacher and students exploring math problems and then sharing their different problem solving strategies in an open dialogue (Riddle, 1999). Vygotsky’s social development theory challenges traditional teaching methods. Historically, schools have been organized around recitation teaching. According to Hausfather, (as cited in Riddle, 1999) â€Å"the teacher disseminates knowledge to be memorized by the students, who in turn, recite the information back to the teacher†. However, the studies described above offer empirical evidence that learning, based on the social development theory, facilitates cognitive development over other instructional strategies (Riddle, 1999). School structure does not reflect the rapid changes that society is experiencing. Opportunities for social interaction have greatly increased with the introduction and integration of computer technology. Therefore, the social context for learning is transforming as well. Learning relationships can now be formed from distances through cyberspace, whereas collaboration and peer instruction was once only possible in shared physical space (Bacalarski, 1994). Computer technology is a cultural tool that students can use to mediate and internalize their learning. According to Kathryn Crawford (as cited in Riddle, 1999) â€Å"recent research suggest changing the Learning Theories 6 learning contexts with technology is a powerful learning activity†. If schools continue to resist structural change, students will not be as prepared as they should be for the world. Lev Vygotsky lived during the Russian Revolution, a time of great change in his culture. His theory was that biological and cognitive development does not happen apart from each other. These two developments sustain and grow from each other. This is when learning takes place. Because of this theory, his environment of change was a great influence in his own cognitive processes. Learning Theories 7 References Bacalarski, M. C. , (1994). Vygotsky’s Developmental Theories and the Adulthood of Computer Mediated Communication: a Comparison and an Illumination. Retrieved November 7, 2003 from http://psych. hanover. edu/vygotsky/bacalar. html. Funderstanding, (2001). Vygotsky and Social Cognition. Retrieved November 7, 2003 from http://www. funderstanding. com/vygotsky. cfm. Kearsley, G. , (1998). Social Development (Vygotsky). Retrieved November 9, 2003 from http://members. aol. com/daidpeal/vygotsky. html. Riddle, E. M. , (1999). Lev Vygotsky’s Social Development Theory. Retrieved November 7, 2003 from www. kihd. gmu. edu/immersion/knowledgebase/theorists/constructivism/vygotsky.

Incest Abuse: Effects And Prevention On Children

Incest Abuse: Effects And Prevention On Children Incest abuse is an issue that is prevalent among family members including children. There are various short-term and long-term effects that children encounter throughout and after their abusive experience. These effects are extremely traumatic and cause stressors for children and within families. Incest can occur between any two family members regardless of age and gender. There has been a lot of research that has been conducted regarding incest, but it is often difficult to draw conclusions from research. This is because of vague definitions and unclear restrictions and guidelines. With everything considered, prevention is the most important step that society can take to try to reduce the number of incest cases. Incest is a horrifying and tragic issue between family members typically involving one person of higher power and one of lesser power. In addition, it is extremely traumatic for children that do not know any different or that are still too young and naÃÆ' ¯ve to understand what is going on. This topic is extremely important in the fact that more research needs to be gathered to understand why this is occurring within the family. This issue is more prevalent that many people realize. Therefore this paper is going to discuss issues relating to incest and sexual child abuse within families. It will include research and studies that relate to family incest and abuse. The paper will cover an analysis of research that has been conducted on the relating topic of incest including short term and long-term effects of incest. There are many different forms of incest, but extensive research findings have only been implemented on a few of the forms. There are also factors such as certain age ranges and gender that are more likely to encounter incest abuse. As more research is being conducted regarding incest and abuse, there also needs to be more prevention implementation. Research is important because it allows researchers to find the reasons and causes of why this is happening. However, this issue of incest will not go away without some sort of prevention tactic. Prevention is an extremely important method to help reduce the prevalence of incest and abuse within families. Incest can be a stressor and traumatic event that often causes short term and long-term effects on victimized children. There are issues such as chemical dependence, mental illness, and numerous psychosocial stressors that these victims can encounter (Courtois, 1997). In addition, the family can face disturbances within relationships and dynamics (Courtois, 1997). These issues include parental discord and immaturity, parent-child role reversals and triangulation, boundary violations, double-bind communications, and entrenched patterns of denial, secrecy and rigidity (Courtois, 1997). These are just a few of the effects that incest can produce among families. Short-term effects of incest consists of, those effects that the victim experiences or displays during and/or immediately after the incest and/or its disclosure (the most consistent include emotional) (Vander Mey Neff, 1986, p. 67). The victim can display a variety of emotions and feelings that are typically associated with short-term effects. These can include shame, guilt, fear, anger, in addition to feelings of being trapped, used, confused, betrayed, and humiliated (Vander Mey Neff, 1986, p. 67). Not every victim will experience these short-term effects, but most often victims will experience one these emotional effects from incest abuse. On the contrary, Long-term consequences for the victim are those behaviors, attitudes, or opinions that the victim has or displays years after the incident(s) of incest: effects that are due directly or indirectly to the incest (Vander Mey Neff, 1986, p. 67). These effects go beyond emotional issues; they extend to larger deviant, antisocial, and/or illegal behavioral effects of the victims (Vander Mey Neff, 1986, p. 67). Often times these behaviors include one or more of the following: promiscuity, inability to assume a wife/mother role, alcoholism, drug abuse, prostitution sexual dysfunctioning, delinquency, depression and suicide (Vander Mey Neff, 1986, p. 67). There seem to be many negative effects on children involved in incest abuse. There is also much controversy among research regarding the effects on the victims. There appears to be no definite absolute answers that tell us exactly what will happen to a child who is the victim of incest abuse. However, there is enough consistent data to conclude that incest is a major risk factor for a variety of serious aftereffects (Courtois, 1997). The studies done in regards of victim effects seem to display a fairly strong variety of possible outcomes. As there is no definite solution to effects of children who experience incest abuse, there is a range of common potential results. There seemed to be little or no research regarding the lasting effects of the long-term consequences among victims. However, there was an overall consensus between research studies that each child is an individual and no two cases/situations are the same, and no two victims will walk away the same. Within a family, each individual takes on different roles. There are common roles that characterize a perpetrator of incest. The most common is the authoritarian father who has absolute authority over the entire family (struggle of a power imbalance) (Blume, 1990, p. 34). In this situation the rest of his family fears the father (Blume, 1990, p. 34). He displays control and power and his wife and kids are on a constant guard trying to never upset him (Blume, 1990, p. 34). The father takes advantage of the power he has by sexually abusing his child(ren) and possibly his wife as well. There is also another type of father that is referred to as the timid father (Blume, 1990, p. 34). This dad is not able to stand up to another adult and express his feelings and is often considerd a push-over (Blume, 1990, p. 35). Since he seems to have no control within the family, he seeks his control elsewhere by sexually abusing a son or daughter of his. There are many people who say that victims of child abuse will grow up to become abusers. However, Blume (1990) states that, One is responsible for ones adult acts; ones past does not cause one to do violence to another (p. 37). In addition, if it were true that these victims of abuse turn into abusers, then shouldnt there be more women as perpetrators since women are more likely be seen as the victims? However, this is not the case because most incest survivors are female, and David Finkelhor says, there is a male monopoly on child molesting (Blume, 1990, p. 37). It is important to remember that young girls are not the only victims of incest and that fathers are not the only perpetrators either. Perpetrators can include mothers, brothers, sisters, and extended family (Sloan Porter 1984). Similarly, victims can consist of sons, daughters, cousins, etc (Sloan Porter, 1984). There may be more prevalence in certain situations, but incest is incest no matter who the victim is or who the perpetrator is. Researches have said that it is very difficult to accumulate research on the issue of incest. There are a variety of reasons for this with the foremost reason being defining incest (Blume, 1990, p. 26). There is no one definition of incest; there are various views on what constitutes as incest. Some are more restrictive than others. For example, some include touch as incest abuse, and others include step-parents/siblings as perpetrators of incest abuse. (Blume, 1990, p. 27). In addition, some say that any age under eighteen years old constitutes as incest abuse; however, there are other researchers other things (Blume, 1990, p. 27). Prevention is the key to diminishing this issue. Just as it is important to have treatment centers and therapy for those who have experienced incest abuse, it is also important to implement preventative measures. Sloan and Porter discuss a prevention plan that was created and implemented by community health nurses into a public school. First, there was an emphasis on the importance that children are aware that teachers and school administrators are available to discuss nonacademic problems (Sloan Porter, 1984). Second, the focus was to present as much information as possible to the children without frightening those who had not had these kinds of experiences (Sloan Porter, 1984). Third, the community health nurses wanted to provide children with a problem solving technique that could be used in a number of situations (Sloan Porter, 1984). There was success in this program in the fact that they were able to present intense information to young kids without frightening or creating anxiety for them (Sloan Porter, 1984). There were also only positive comments received from teachers and school officials (Sloan Porter, 1984). However, the positive feedback that was received was only obtained through school administration and community health nurses who worked together to achieve their goal (Sloan Porter, 1984). As this study seems very encouraging, there needs to be more aspects that are examined in order to determine the actual effects of the program. It is great that this particular program focused on children because it allows them to understand what incest and abuse is about, but there also needs to be a program that helps the adults as well. The studies and information presented has, for the most part, seemed to follow in the same direction and correlate with each other. There is the basic overall conclusion of the idea that incest abuse is more prevalent than many people think and that prevention is the key to reducing the issue. All of the studies seemed to express how difficult incest research is due to various factors. These factors covered a wide range, while some research focused on victims lack of report and others emphasized the definition of incest. The overall research seems to highlight the extremely sad situations and traumatic experiences that victimized children encounter. There are many short-term and long-term effects that children can experience due to incest abuse. The implications that are drawn from these issues is that there needs to be not only therapy for victims, but also prevention programs implemented to help decrease the issue of incest. Profielwerkstuk terrorisme: Westerse wereld Islamitische wereld Profielwerkstuk terrorisme: Westerse wereld Islamitische wereld Inleiding: Het eind van vorig schooljaar stond in het teken van het zoeken van een onderwerp voor het profielwerkstuk. Al snel kwam ik tot de conclusie dat terrorisme mijn onderwerp zou worden. De belangstelling voor het fenomeen terrorisme leeft over de hele wereld. Een recenter onderwerp bestaat bijna niet. Na de terroristische aanslagen op Amerika, Spanje, Engeland en zelfs ons eigen land is deze belangstelling alleen maar toegenomen. Dit vond ik interessant en besloot ik mijn profielwerkstuk over terrorisme te houden. Maar hoe ga ik mijn onderzoek uitvoeren? Terrorisme is een heel breed onderwerp. Dus moest ik bepalen waartoe ik mijn onderwerp ging beperken. Terrorisme is iets van alle tijden. In eerste instantie is het gericht tegen het gevestigde bemind daaronder verstaan we de koning of president. Later ook tegen de overheid (revolutie, burgeroorlog, guerrilla). Maar wat nieuw is in de 2e helft van de 20e eeuw is dat terroristische groepen zich heel modern gaan organiseren dan hebben we het over de modernste wapens en de nieuwste en beste communicatie apparatuur. Door het nieuws te kijken, de krant te lezen en informatie van internet te halen heb ik mijzelf georià «nteerd. Vervolgens besloten om de ontwikkeling in het terrorisme tegen de Westerse wereld centraal te stellen. Onder de Westerse wereld verstaan wij de VS, West-Europa en Australià «. Ook beschouwen we Israà «l deels tot de Westerse wereld, dit land wordt namelijk gesteund door de Westerse wereld. Ik ben tot de volgende hoofdvraag en deelvragen gekomen: Hoofdvraag: Wat is de belangrijkste ontwikkeling in het terrorisme tegen de Westerse wereld? Deelvragen: Wat zijn de belangrijkste Islamitische terroristische gebeurtenissen geweest vanaf Mà ¼nchen 72? Wat is de kern van het conflict tussen de Westerse wereld en de Islamitische wereld? Wat is er gedaan aan de bestrijding van terrorisme sinds 11-09-01? In welke richting moeten we de oplossing voor terrorisme bestrijding zoeken? De hoofdvraag wilde ik helder houden, maar tegelijkertijd wilde ik ook de mogelijk hebben om hem uitgebreid te behandelen. Bij de deelvragen wilde ik meer over de geschiedenis van terrorisme te weten komen, maar dan heb ik het beperkt tot de afgelopen 38 jaar. Verder was ik ook erg genteresseerd in wat nou eigenlijk de kern van het conflict is tussen de Verenigde Staten en de westerse wereld. En ook de bestrijding van terrorisme wilde ik aan bod laten komen in dit profielwerkstuk. Vandaar deelvraag twee en drie. Tenslotte leek het mij ook een goed idee om een probleemstellende vierde deelvraag te maken zodat ik daarin ook nog een stukje eigen mening kon geven. Daardoor werd het ook mogelijk om mijn eigen visie naar voren te laten komen. Veel leesplezier! Voorkennis Voordat je begint met het lezen van mijn profielwerkstuk is het misschien handig om eerst even uit te leggen wat terrorisme nou eigenlijk is. Terrorisme is het uit ideologische motieven dreigen met, voorbereiden of plegen van op mensen gericht ernstig geweld, dan wel daden gericht op het aanrichten van maatschappij-ontwrichtende zaakschade, met als doel maatschappelijke veranderingen te bewerkstelligen, de bevolking ernstige vrees aan te jagen of politieke besluitvorming te benvloeden. Nederland hanteert bij de bestrijding van terrorisme een zogenoemde brede benadering. Niet alleen de geweldsdaden zelf aanpakken, maar ook het traject dat vooraf gaat aan deze daden. Deze definitie is wettelijk vastgesteld. Het komt erop neer dat onschuldige burgers het slachtoffer zijn van terreuracties. *http://www.nctb.nl/onderwerpen/wat_is_terrorisme/ Het is moeilijk om het begrip terrorisme goed te duiden want wat voor slachtoffer(s) een ongerechtvaardigde aanslag is wordt door de dader vaak gezien als een gerechtvaardigde actie. Terreuracties vinden meestal plaats in situaties die door de plegers van daad van legitiem verzet of van principià «le uiting wordt gezien. Wat voor de à ©Ãƒ ©n een terrorist is, is voor de ander een vrijheidsstrijder. Bij terroristische acties worden onschuldige burgers betrokken. Het kan gaan om à ©Ãƒ ©n of een paar onschuldige burgers, maar soms ook om tientallen,honderden, of misschien wel duizenden onschuldige burgers. In de 2e wereld oorlog werden tegen de Duitse bezetters wel aanslagen beraamd; dat waren geen terroristische acties maar verzetsdaden tegen de bezetter. Individualisme en collectivisme zijn 2 belangrijke begrippen voor het verschil tussen de westerse wereld en de Islamitische wereld het zijn 2 uitersten. Vrijheidsstrijders in het Westen treden vaak in organisaties op, zoals de IRA in Noord Ierland en de ETA in Spanje. Radicale moslimfundamentalisten plegen soms in hun eentje een terroristische aanslag; soms met inzet van hun eigen leven. Die laatste vorm van terrorisme is nogal nieuw in de geschiedenis. Hoofdstuk 1 Wat zijn de belangrijkste Islamitische terroristische gebeurtenissen geweest vanaf Mà ¼nchen 72? De hele wereld zat aan de buis gekluisterd. 11 september 2001. Een datum die bij iedereen in zijn geheugen staat gegrift als een dag vol haat en verdriet. De wereld heeft natuurlijk al langer te maken met terrorisme maar 11 september 2001 kan wel als terroristisch hoogtepunt, of liever gezegd dieptepunt, worden gezien. Deze dag was voor George W. Bush (toenmalige president van de Verenigde Staten) ook de aanleiding om terrorisme de oorlog te verklaren. Om even terug in de tijd te gaan. Bijna 38 jaar geleden, 5 september 1972. Ook deze dag zit een groot deel van de wereld vol ongeloof naar de tv te kijken. Een gijzelingsdrama tijdens de Olympische spelen in Mà ¼nchen. Ook deze dag is niet het officià «le begin van het terrorisme, dit is eigenlijk al vele jaren bezig, maar 5 september 1972 wordt door veel mensen wel als een soort startsein gezien. Nu is het menens, het was duidelijk dat na vandaag er nog veel aanslagen over en weer zouden volgen en dat wereld vanaf nu onafscheidelijk verbonden zal zijn met terrorisme. Omdat zon groot wereldwijd evenement als de Olympische spelen werd uitgekozen werd het duidelijk dat de gevoerde strijd tussen Israà «lià «rs en Palestijnen nu wel eens een wereldwijde strijd zou kunnen gaan worden. De strijd tussen Israà «lià «rs en Palestijnen is al lang bezig. Al aan het einde van de 19e eeuw zijn er veel joden die streven naar een onafhankelijke staat in Palestina als uitweg voor de onderdrukkingen in Europa. In de jaren zullen er nog veel Joden volgen, vanaf 1930 vluchtten er bijvoorbeeld veel joden naar Palestina vanwege het antisemitisme in Duitsland. Tussen 1936 en 1939 vindt de Grote Opstand plaats. Dit is een opstand van Arabieren die protesteren tegen de Joodse immigratie. De Britten die op dat moment de macht hebben in Palestina treffen strenge maatregelen wat betreft de immigratie, maar dit leidt alleen maar tot meer conflicten met de joods-palestijnse bevolking. Na de Tweede Wereldoorlog, in 1947, stemt de Algemene vergadering van de Verenigde Naties in met een plan van de Britten om Palestina in twee delen te verdelen. De joden accepteren dit besluit, maar de Arabieren absoluut niet. Er volgt onmiddellijk een burgeroorlog tussen de Joden en Palestijnen. De joden slagen er in om met geweld een groot deel van de Arabische bevolking te verdrijven en op 14 mei 1948 roept David Ben-Gurion de staat Israà «l uit. Een dag later vallen ruim 30.000 Arabieren uit verschillende Arabische landen de nieuwe staat in en de Israà «lische Onafhankelijkheidsoorlog (ook wel de Arabisch-Israà «lische Oorlog van 1948 genoemd) volgt. Vanaf dan zullen de conflicten tussen de Israà «lià «rs e n Palestijnen doorzetten tot op de dag van vandaag. In dit hoofdstuk zullen verder de belangrijkste Islamitische terroristische gebeurtenissen vanaf Mà ¼nchen 1972 worden besproken. Dit was een dag waarop bij de strijd tussen de Israà «liers en Palestijnen de wereld werd betrokken. Wat eerst een conflict was tussen twee volken werd nu een conflict op wereldwijd niveau. Vooral door de steun die de Verenigde Staten geeft aan Israà «l breidt het conflict zich uit. Terrorisme is natuurlijk niet iets van de laatste jaren maar het is onmogelijk alle gebeurtenissen van de afgelopen eeuwen te betrekken in dit hoofdstuk. Daarom heb ik gekozen voor een periode van ongeveer 35 jaar. Op deze manier kunnen kan ik een beter gedetailleerd beeld geven en ook duidelijk de verschillen en overeenkomsten tussen de aanslagen uitlichten. Reacties van verschillende partijen zullen ook worden toegelicht. Mà ¼nchen 1972: Het was de bedoeling om van de Olympische Zomerspelen 1972 vooral vrolijke spelen te maken. Op deze manier probeerde Duitsland de dubieuze spelen van 1936 in Duitland waarin Adolf Hitler zijn fascistische ideologie probeerde uit te dragen, te vergeten. Maar vrolijk werden de spelen zeker niet. Op 5 september vallen Palestijnse terroristen van de organisatie Zwarte September het onderkomen van een aantal Israà «lische atleten binnen. Twee leden van het Israà «lisch Olympische team worden hierbij direct vermoord en 9 andere werden gegijzeld. Na lang onderhandelen wordt duidelijk wat de eis van de Palestijnse terroristen is. Het vrijlaten van 234 Arabische gevangenen. Daarbij willen ze een vrije aftocht en een vliegtuig tot hun beschikking. Golda Meir, de premier van Israà «l laat via de Bondskanselier van Duitsland, Willy Brandt, weten dat zij onder geen enkele voorwaarde onderhandelt met terroristen. Het hoofd van de politie van Mà ¼nchen, Manfred Schreiber, beslu it vervolgens dat er dan een reddingsoperatie, zonodig met geweld, moet volgen. Er volgt op zijn bevel een reddingsoperatie op het vliegveld, maar die mislukt. Er waren pantserwagens onderweg om de gijzelaars van het vliegveld af te voeren, maar omdat een groot deel van de mensen die de gebeurtenissen op tv heeft gevolgd massaal naar het vliegveld gaan, is het onmogelijk voor de pantserwagens om het vliegveld te bereiken. Verder waren er op het dak scherpschutters gestationeerd maar toen zij het vuur openden, ging er van alles mis. De meeste terroristen konden op tijd dekking zoeken en als reactie op de scherpschutters gooit à ©Ãƒ ©n van de terroristen een handgranaat in de eerste helikopter met gegijzelden en een andere terrorist begint te schieten op de tweede helikopter waardoor vervolgens alle 9 gegijzelden overlijden. Als reactie op 5 september 1972, volgen er in de tijd erna heel wat terroristische aanslagen over en weer. Eind Oktober 1972 bijvoorbeeld al, als de leden van de Zwarte September beweging een vliegtuig kapen van de Duitse luchtvaartmaatschappij Lufthansa met als eis om 3 terroristen vrij te laten. Onder zwaar protest van Israà «l gaat Duitsland hierop in. Als reactie op deze kaping bombardeert Israà «l vervolgens vier Palestijnse trainingskampen bij Damascus. In principe is dit een strijd tussen Israà «lià «rs en Palestijnen. Bomaanslagen op scholen in Israà «l of gegijzelden Palestijnen zijn het gesprek van de dag. Er is sprake van een soort patroon want beide partijen reageren op elkaars aanslagen door er vervolgens zelf een te plegen. Ook Frankrijk wordt deels in de strijd betrokken want er volgen in de jaren na 1972 verschillende bomaanslagen in Frankrijk, gepleegd door Islamitische groeperingen. Opvallend is hoe weinig de Verenigde Staten worden betrokken bij deze strijd. Op 8 september 1974 vind er wel een bomaanslag plaats op een vliegtuig van TWA (Trans World Airlines, een Amerikaanse luchtvaartmaatschappij) met als eindbestemming JFK International Airport. Op deze bomaanslag volgt echter geen directe reactie of volgende aanslag. Deze bomaanslag is mogelijk een reactie van de Palestijnen op de steun van de Amerikanen aan Israà «l. Een persoon die bij vrijwel de meeste van Palestijns afkomstige aanslagen is betrokken, is de Palestijnse terrorist Aboe Nidal (1937 2002). Hij was toentertijd à ©Ãƒ ©n van de meest gezochte en gevreesde Palestijnse terroristen ter wereld en wordt verantwoordelijk gehouden voor 90 aanslagen in 20 verschillende landen. Aanslag op Amerikaanse marinebasis: Op 23 oktober 1983 wordt er een bomaanslag gepleegd op het hoofdkwartier van de Amerikaanse mariniers bij het vliegveld van Beiroet. De aanslag wordt even later opgeà «ist door Sjiitische extremisten. Er komen in totaal 241 Amerikanen om het leven. De explosieve lagen vermoedelijk in een vrachtwagen, die door Sjiitische extremisten bestuurd werd. Er raakten bovenop de 241 doden ook nog 80 mensen gewond en er was ook grote materià «le schade. De mariniers waren in Beiroet omdat ze daar heen waren gestuurd door president Reagan om te helpen bij het beà «indigen van de burgeroorlog. Later op die dag volgde er ook een bomaanslag op het hoofdkwartier van Franse parachutisten. Er komen bij deze aanslag 58 Franse soldaten om het leven. Deze aanslag wordt opgeà «ist door dezelfde Sjiitische extremistische groep. Boeing wordt gekaapt: Op 14 juni 1985 wordt er een Boeing 727 van TWA met 153 inzittenden door Sjiitische extremisten gekaapt. Het vliegtuig wordt gedwongen om naar Beiroet te vliegen waar zij 39 Amerikanen gegijzeld houden. Het doel van de kaping en gijzeling is de invrijheidstelling van 700 Arabieren door Israà «l. De gijzeling duurt tot 1 juli en in die tijd blijven alle gijzelaars in leven, behalve à ©Ãƒ ©n, de Amerikaanse marinier Robert Stretham, hij wordt terplekke geà «xecuteerd. Israà «l geeft toe aan de eisen waardoor vervolgens het vliegtuig wordt teruggevlogen naar het vliegveld van Frankfurt en de gijzelaars vrij worden gelaten. De Lockerbie ramp: Op 21 december 1988 vind er een terroristische aanslag plaats in een Boeing 747 van de Amerikaanse luchtvaartmaatschappij Pan Am. Het vliegtuig was vanuit Frankfurt op weg naar New York en had net een tussenlanding gemaakt in Londen. Rond 7 uur s avonds verdwijnt het vliegtuig van de radar. Het bevind zich dan nog op 10 kilometer hoogte boven het Schotse Lockerbie. Even later vind er een explosie plaats in het bagageruim waardoor het vliegtuig volledig uiteen wordt gescheurd. Een deel van het vliegtuig komt neer in een woonwijk waardoor behalve alle 259 inzittenden ook 11 mensen op de grond om het leven komen. Uit het Schotse onderzoek wat volgt komt als eerste naar voren dat deze aanslag een reactie was op 3 juli 1988 waarbij de VS een Iraans burgervliegtuig zouden hebben beschoten met als gevolg dat alle 290 inzittenden daaruit omkwamen. Dit spoor loopt uiteindelijk echter dood en na verder onderzoek wordt er gewezen op twee Libische geheim agenten, Abdel Basset Ali Mohammed el-Megrahi en Al-Amin Khalifa Fhima. Zij zouden er voor hebben gezorgd dat de koffer waarin de bom zat aan boord was gekomen en dus de explosie hebben veroorzaakt. Zij zouden dit hebben gedaan omdat zij bepaalde Libische gevangenen vrij zouden willen krijgen. Rijtje huizen in LockerbieDe Verenigde Staten houden ook Libià « verantwoordelijk, maar volgens hen was deze aanslag een vergeldingsactie omdat de dochter van de Libische leider Muammar Ghadaffi bij een Amerikaans vergeldingsbombardement op Tripoli (hoofdstad van Libià «) om het leven was gekomen. Het Amerikaans vergeldingsbombardement had plaatsgevonden omdat zij Libià « verantwoordelijk hielden voor een aanslag op een disco in West-Berlijn in 1986. De aanslag boven Lockerbie was volgens hen dus uit wraak van Muammar Ghadaffi gepleegd. In augustus 2003 erkende de Libische regering de verantwoordelijkheid voor de aanslag boven Lockerbie en gaf daarbij toe bereid te zijn om een schadevergoeding te betalen aan de nabestaanden. 11 september 2001: De dag begon voor al die duizenden werkende mensen als elke andere dag. Niemand had aan zien komen dat vandaag de wereld wel eens zou kunnen veranderen. Toch gebeurde het en zorgde wereldwijd dan ook voor ontzettend veel ophef en ongeloof. Om kwart voor negen s ochtends lokale tijd begon het allemaal. Het eerste vliegtuig, een passagiersvliegtuig van American Airlines, vliegt in het bovenste deel van de noordelijke WTC toren. Omdat het vliegtuig pas kort daarvoor was opgestegen zaten de tanks nog vol kerosine en volgde er een gigantische explosie. Om 5 minuten over 9 volgde het tweede vliegtuig, een vlucht van United Airlines, die zich in de zuidelijke toren boord. Een paar uur later storten beide torens volledig in en alle mensen die op dat moment nog in het gebouw aanwezig zijn komen om het leven, net zoals 349 brandweermannen en 62 mensen van de politie. Een half uur nadat het tweede vliegtuig in de zuidelijke toren was gevlogen, boord er een vliegtuig, tevens een vlucht van American Airlines, in het Pentagon, het Amerikaanse ministerie van Defensie in Washington D.C. Ook een vierde vliegtuig werd die ochtend gekaapt. Dit stortte echter neer in een veld net buiten Pittsburg. De FBI heeft kunnen aantonen uit de transcriptie van geheime opnames uit de cockpit dat à ©Ãƒ ©n van de kapers de piloot verplichtte het vliegtuig te laten neerstortten om daarmee te voorkomen dat de passagiers verder zouden gaan met het vliegtuig heroveren. Er is aangenomen dat het doel van de kapers in eerste instantie was om met dit vliegtuig een aanslag op het Capitool of het Witte Huis te plegen. Tijdens de kapingen hebben passagiers door middel van hun mobiele telefoon aan bekenden informatie over de kapers weten door te spelen waardoor op 12 september 2001 door de FBI een lijst naar boven kwam met de vermoedelijke kapers. Osama bin Laden, à ©Ãƒ ©n van de leiders van Al Qaida, wordt vanaf het begin verantwoordelijk gehouden voor de aanslagen op 11 september. Verschillende onderzoeken wezen in zijn richting. Onder andere een videoboodschap waarin Osama bin Laden gezegd zou hebben dat de aanslagen beter zijn verlopen dan hij had verwacht. Een tijdje na de aanslagen vraagt de VS aan Afghanistan om te uitlevering van bin Laden aan de VS. Nadat de VS een ultimatum stelde kwamen honderden leden van de Taliban bij elkaar en verzochten zij bin Laden om uit Afghanistan te vertrekken want zij wensten te onderhandelen met de VS. De VS ging daar echter niet op in en Osama bin Laden liet weten dat hij zich alleen zou laten berechten in een Islamitisch land. Hij erkende dus, zonder het letterlijk te zeggen, zijn verantwoordelijkheid voor de aanslagen. Later liet bin Laden via een videoboodschap weten dat er een jihad (betekent in het Islamitisch: strijd) van alle Moslims zal komen tegen het zionisme en de kruistochten en ook tegen de Verenigde Staten. 11 maart 2004: In de ochtend van 11 maart vinden er in vier verschillende forenstreinen in Madrid bomaanslagen plaats. Uiteindelijk werden er 13 bommen gevonden, waarvan er 10 tot explosie waren gebracht. Bij deze ergste terroristische aanslag in Europa, sinds de Lockerbie-ramp, komen er 191 mensen om het leven en raken ruim 1400 mensen gewond. De schuld wordt door de Spaanse overheid eerst geschoven in de richting van de Baskische afscheidingsbeweging ETA. De ETA ontkent echter elke betrokkenheid bij de aanslag. Later wordt een cassettetape met Arabische koranverzen gevonden en Al Qaida wordt hierdoor als vermoedelijke dader gezien. Spaanse autoriteiten blijven echter nog enige tijd bij hun standpunt dat de aanslag het werk is van de ETA. Maar een met Al Qaida verwante organisatie, Brigade Abu Hafs al-Masri, eist vervolgens de aanslag op en na het vinden van de cassettetape en uitgebreid onderzoek wordt Al Qaida dus als officià «le dader gezien. Als er naar de data wordt gekeken ka n ook geconcludeerd worden dat de aanslag toebehoord aan Al Qaida. De aanslag vind precies 30 maanden (2,5 jaar, 911 dagen) na de aanslagen op 11 september plaats. 911 is een veelgebruikte aanduiding voor de aanslagen van 11 september. Van toeval is dus niet meer te spreken. De aanslagen in Madrid zijn het geplande werk van Al Qaida. 7 juli 2005: In de ochtend van 7 juli 2005 kreeg Londen te maken met verschillende explosies. In een half uur vonden er drie ontploffingen plaats in de metro en even later werd een openbare bus het doelwit van een terroristische aanslag. Met 56 doden en ruim 700 gewonden was dit de meest ernstige terroristische aanslag op het Verenigd Koninkrijk sinds de ramp in Lockerbie (1988). Bij de explosies in de metros werd eerst nog uitgegaan van een ernstige stroomstoring maar toen even later een dubbeldekkerbus explodeerde, werd duidelijk dat het om een terroristische aanslag ging. Al Qaida werd al snel als schuldige gezien. Omdat er verschillende aanslagen vrijwel tegelijkertijd plaatsvonden, wezen experts erop dat het daarom als een klassieke Al Qaida aanslag kon worden gezien. Van klassieke Al Qaida aanslagen kan worden gesproken als de aanslagen de volgende kenmerken bezitten: de explosies vinden vrijwel tegelijkertijd plaats; er werden vooraf geen waarschuwingen gegeven door de terroristen; om de maximale aandacht van de media te trekken wordt een druk tijdstip uitgekozen, zoals de ochtendspits; de aanvallen vinden plaats op een druk tijdstip, met als doel om zoveel mogelijk burgers om te brengen. De aanslag werd ook vrijwel direct opgeà «ist door Al Qaida. De speciale tak van Al Qaida in Europa plaatst via internet een verklaring waaruit blijkt dat de aanslagen een vergelding waren voor de Britten in Irak. Een deel van de verklaring luidt: Wij hebben onze belofte gehouden en een succesvolle militaire operatie uitgevoerd. We waarschuwen eveneens de regeringen van Denemarken en Italià « om hun troepen uit Afghanistan en Irak terug te trekken. Motieven van Islamitische terroristen: Islamitische extremisten zien zichzelf natuurlijk niet als terroristen. Zij vinden zichzelf vrijheidstrijders en zeggen dat zij handelen uit naam van een hoger doel wat hen leidt. Ze geloven dat hun God van hen verwacht dat ze hun eigen godsdienst verdedigen door mensen van andere religies of geloofovertuigingen aan te vallen. Ze maken zich niet druk om het verlies van politieke steun omdat in hun gedachte hun God toch altijd aan hun kant zal blijven staan. Geweld en het ombrengen van burgers die onschuldig zijn is daarbij noodzakelijk om hun doel te bereiken. Zij proberen op deze manier politieke veranderingen er door te krijgen. De vier motieven voor Islamitische terroristen zijn daarom ook extremisme, separatisme, politiek idealisme of hun geloof in een goede zaak. Islamitische extremisten geloven in het feit dat als beloning voor daden als zelfmoordaanslagen zij als martelaren worden vereerd en dus in het paradijs terechtkomen. Als eis bij een terroristische aanslag wordt vaak de vrijlating van verschillende gevangenen geà «ist. Methoden van Islamitische terroristen: Het financieren van terroristische aanslagen kost vaak vele miljoenen euros. Er is geld nodig voor de training, uitrusting en reizen. Dit wordt vaak gefinancierd door bankovervallen, het losgeld van gijzelingen en valsemunterij. Uit onderzoek is gebleken dat Al Qaida ook een deel van hun geld doorgesluisd heeft gekregen van verschillende liefdadigheidsorganisaties, bedrijven en banken. De organisatie van islamitische terreurbewegingen gebeurt vaak in verschillende, kleine groepen (cellen). Elke cel bestaat daarbij vaak uit enkele leden. De cellen opereren vaak onder miljoenen mensen en het opsporten is daarom ook haast onmogelijk, verder is er ook zeer weinig of geen contact tussen de verschillende cellen onderling. Zo kunnen grote terreurorganisaties als Al Qaida nooit in à ©Ãƒ ©n keer worden opgespoord. Er zijn bij Islamitische terreuracties al verschillende technieken toegepast. Vliegtuigkapingen, schietpartijen in het openbaar, persoonlijke moordaanslagen, ontvoeringen en bomaanslagen. Bommen worden in autos, vliegtuigen, treinen of boten geplaatst en verschillende keren ook als raketten afgevuurd. Vaak is er ook sprake van zelfmoordaanslagen waarbij de terroristen zichzelf in een drukke omgeving tot ontploffen brengen. Hoewel er de laatste tijd veel te doen is geweest om massavernietigingswapens afkomstig van Islmatische extremisten als chemische zenuwgassen of biologische of nucleaire stoffen, wordt er ook vaak nog gebruikt gemaakt van veel simpeler materiaal. Kunstmest is een goedkope, zeer effectieve en vaak gebruikte springstof. Terrorisme in de media: Terroristische aanslagen bereiken vrijwel altijd de media. Logisch, vaak overlijden of raken er tientallen of zelfs honderden mensen gewond bij een aanslag. Er zijn op dit gebied echter wel twee verschillende soorten aanslagen te onderscheiden. Het kan gaan om een kleinschalige actie die gericht is op het executeren of ontvoeren van à ©Ãƒ ©n bepaalde persoon of een kleine groep mensen. Hierbij is het dan de bedoeling van de terroristen om mensen te laten zien dat zij het niet eens zijn met het beleid van deze persoon of het kan als waarschuwing gelden. Bij de gijzeling tijdens de Olympische Spelen werden bijvoorbeeld maar 9 mensen gegijzeld. Wel waren dit allemaal Israà «lià «rs waardoor duidelijk werd dat dit een aanslag was tegen het gehele Israà «lische volk. Het bereiken van de media is ook altijd het voornaamste doel van de terroristen. Op deze manier kunnen zij een veel groter deel van de mensen bereiken en duidelijk maken wat het doel van de aanslag was. Er worden daarom ook altijd grote gebouwen, drukke tijdstippen en grote evenementen gekozen voor een aanslag. Op deze manier proberen zij hun acties zo spectaculair mogelijk te laten overkomen bij de bevolking en hun boodschap zo duidelijk mogelijk te maken. De media is dus een belangrijk hulpmiddel van terroristen. Zo zou volgens de Israà «lische premier Benjamin Netanyahu terrorisme afnemen als er niet zoveel aandacht aan geschonken zou worden in de media. Het hoofddoel van de terroristen, namelijk publiciteit, valt dan weg. Hoofdstuk 2 Wat is de kern van het conflict tussen de Westerse wereld en de Islamitische wereld? De vele aanslagen tussen de Westerse en de Islamitische wereld zijn niet zomaar in hier terecht gekomen. Er heerst een conflict tussen deze werelden. Een conflict dat nog lang niet zal zijn afgelopen. Er is namelijk al zà ³ lang een conflict dat de werkelijk oorzaak hiervan moeilijk is vast te leggen. Het is van belang vast te stellen wat precies de kern is van dit conflict, om te kunnen kijken wat er zou moeten gebeuren om dit probleem tegen te gaan. Daarom is het ook van belang eerder samengestelde kernen van het conflict tegen elkaar af te wegen. In dit hoofdstuk zullen verschillende visies op het conflict tussen de Westerse wereld en de Islamitische wereld tegen over elkaar worden gezet. Op welke punten hebben ze gelijk en op welke niet. Er zijn 3 visies uitgekozen die worden vergeleken. In het westen is men van mening dat ieder individu mag kiezen hoe hij of zij leeft als dit maar binnen de wetsregels past. Welke religie, welke geaardheid of waar je vandaan komt horen in principe geen rol te spelen. De islam is anders. Toen de westerse invloed eind 19e eeuw de islamitische wereld bereikte, als gevolg van het kolonialisme is de islam in veel landen veranderd. Er was verdeeldheid over hoe de westerse invloed werd opgevat. Sommigen, die de westerse wereld accepteerden, probeerden te twee werelden samen te voegen en zeiden dat de islam goed samenging met de westerse wereld, anderen vonden de idealen helemaal niet zo vanzelfsprekend. De groep die zich afkeert van de westerse wereld wordt gezien als moslimfundamentalisten. Niet iedere fundamentalist zet zich af tegen het westen echter ieder die zich wel afzet is wel een fundamentalist. Het afzetten is een tegenreactie op de westerse wereld. Zo denkt Osama Bin Laden over zijn haat tegen de westerse wereld. De liberalen mos lims proberen juist de islam te vermengen met de moderne wereld. Zij willen weer terug naar een tijd waarin de sharia flexibeler was en regels ook minder streng waren. Het eerste punt is ontstaan toen de westerse wereld invloed kreeg in moslim landen en niet ieder dit accepteerde. Maar dit hoeft niet per se haat te creà «ren. De religie, de islam, schrijft dat de islam iets is van de hele gemeenschap. Vele streven dan ook naar à ©Ãƒ ©n wereldomvattende islamitische staat. Mensen die niet geloven worden ook wel kaffer genoemd. Het zijn deze gedachten, die aangeven dat de islam in principe niet open staat voor andere religies. De manier van interpreteren speelt hier natuurlijk een belangrijke rol bij. Fundamentalisten kunnen dit zien als rede voor geweld, terwijl liberalen dit geweldloos willen oplossen door een gemengde wereld te vormen. Het is ook deze verscheidenheid die er voor zorgt dat niet iedere moslim een terrorist is, maar wel de kans schept om terroristen, of vrijheidsstrijders, te laten voortkomen uit de islam. Want wat wij terroristen noemen, zien zij als vrijheidsstrijders die vrijheid willen zonder de westerse wereld. Radicale Imams: Ashfin Ellian, een (ex-) moslim en rechtsgeleerde is van mening dat het moslimterrorisme alleen te bestrijden is door een open en kritisch debat te voeren over de islam. Zo kunnen we van mekaar leren en vooroordelen verhelpen. Het echte probleem zit volgens hem bij de politieke islam. De aanhangers van de politieke islam zijn de grote vijand van de gewone moslims. Omdat die het imago van de islam negatief aantasten. Net zoals je de katholieken niet moet verwarren met het katholicisme, moet je moslims niet met de islam verwarren. Niet elke aanhanger van het katholicisme doet wat er precies staat in de bijbel of wat de paus zegt. Hetzelfde geldt voor aanhangers van de islam, daar zitten ook verschillen bij. De meesten zijn normale mensen, die hard werken om hun kinderen een toekomst te geven. Als aanhangers van de politieke islam de macht grijpen wordt het leven ondraaglijk, zoals we kunnen zien in Iran en Afghanistan. De politieke islam claimt de absolute waarheid en controle over het leven van alle mensen. Dit in tegenstelling tot de democratie van de Westerse wereld. Volgens Ashfin kan dit worden voorkomen door ervoor te zorgen dat jongeren zich niet bij hun zoektocht naar de islam opsluiten in de politieke islam. Deze jongeren worden benvloed door radicale imams, en dat moet worden tegengegaan. Eigenlijk geeft Ashfin de schuld aan de radicale imams die er voor zorgen dat jongeren aanhangers worden van de politieke islam, en dat is de basis voor een conflict. De politieke islam laat geen plaats over voor mensen die anders denken. Dit terwijl de vrijheid van meningsuiting bij velen zo belangrijk is. Ashfin Ellian zoekt de oplossing bij de nieuwe generatie radicale moslims, en het opkomen daarvan probeert hij te voorkomen. Het zijn inderdaad de radicale moslims die voor veel problemen zorgen, niet de doorsnee moslim. Ook zijn het inderdaad de radicale imams die deze boodschappen doorgeven. Echter om dit op te lossen is het houden van een open en kritisch debat geen oplossing. Want wie praten er dan op zon debat. Wie kijken ernaar, wie heeft de leiding. Het is een onrealistisch doel. Bovendien wordt een debat meestal gevoerd door mensen die bereid zijn erover te praten. Maar radicale moslims en imams zijn dat niet. Die willen niet omgaan met mensen die anders denken. Het is dus niet mogelijk dit debat te org

Korean Airlines and Asiana Airlines Comparison

Korean Airlines and Asiana Airlines Comparison PARK EUNHEEÂ   Question 1 Operational shall possess and control the product or service that meets the process of planning and meeting the product or customer needs. Companies should be allowed to produce at reasonable costs. They must fine-tune their production processes to focus on quality, to hold down the costs of materials and labor, and to eliminate all costs that add no value to the finished product. Making the decisions involved in the effort to attain these goals is the job of the operations manager (web-books).The operational manager shall plan the necessary solutions for planning, proceeding, and planning. I am going to discuss compare Korean Airlines (failure) and Asiana Airlines (success). Asiana Airlines is the nations No.1 airline. Looking at the two airlines, I want to see what the difference is. Therefore, one can look at the parts that Korean Air needs to develop. Corporate philosophy First, Asiana Airlines (failure) Corporate Philosophy As a basic philosophy, Asiana Airlines is implementing the management philosophy of Customer Satisfaction through the Best Safety and Service , which is the safest, fastest, and most pleasant way to meet customers time and place . (PhilosophyCorporate, 2017) Second, Korean Air will continue to strive to achieve the mission of Excellence in Flight. In addition, we will strengthen our competitiveness through rapid and flexible response to market changes and customer needs, and we will pursue sustainable growth and become a leader in the aviation industry. (philosophyManagement, 2017) Various educational programs Korean Air has organized a separate training center for specialized training in specialized job fields such as navigation, maintenance, and rooms. In addition, we are overcoming the limitations of time and place, and are activating online education to enable selective learning that meets individual needs. We are continuously developing rich contents such as acquiring business knowledge, cultivating service mind, foreign language course for global business execution (programsVarious, 2017; programsVarious, 2017; programsVarious, 2017) (VISIONHR, 2017) Asiana Airlines (failure) says human personnel is the most precious resource and gives equal opportunities for all members of the company, giving equal rewards and fair compensation. Lastly, they are trying to work as a corporate culture that allows businesses to freely communicate with other families that are free to use. Asiana Airlines is providing a systematic education with a vision of developing a global leader promoting future values and accomplishments. Through three leadership programs, education is strengthening, strengthening professional education, and strengthening service education. In addition, employees are conducting an organization culture education involving employees. Like this same series of companies, but it have slightly different operating programs and educational programs. By comparison, Asiana Airlines has a more specific and diverse variety of programs than Korean Air. Also, Asiana Airlines employees through specialized training programs to educate and trai n employees through continuous integration, education, and solving problems. Finally, you can find out the special parts that Asiana Airlines have. In order to manage the performance of staff, the portion of the evaluation is similar to those of the two airlines, but Asiana Airlines performs both the coaching and interim check. It is important to objectively evaluate and assess objectives when setting goals and evaluating performance. However, it is very important to monitor and provide feedback to employees through an interim check review prior to the performance appraisal. Through this time, staff will modify and strengthen their behavior. Such a time will soon produce better results in performance appraisal. Also, Asiana Airlines has customers first through corporate philosophy. However, Korean Air takes priority over corporate culture. Of course, it is also a system for customers, but I think it is right that the customer has the philosophy to go first. I think that if Korean Air thinks about customers first and educates them, they can be better airlines and better airlines. To become an internationally recognized airline, it is a challenge not to stay in position. Question 2 Production management, and the organization and function of which is controlled collectively. Production activities are limited to manufacturing activities, especially purchasing, manufacturing, finance and labor. The academic system, which effectively and efficiently manages the production of products and services, has long used the term production management because production management originated in the original manufacturing industry, or factory. However, while the service sector recently started to grow the share of traditional economic management is the name of the manufacturer as well as production operations management. There are four objectives for production management. The first is Cost. Production must be mass-produced, facilities should be used as long as possible, and maintenance costs should be low. Inventories of finished products and raw materials should be kept to a minimum, and costs for rework and waste should be minimized. The second is Quality. High quality is defined as a quality that is far higher than the competitors quality and is good enough to be sold despite the high price. Third is Delivery. It is refers to the ability to deliver products or services to customers at the time and place they want. Lastly is flexibility. Flexibility refers to the ability to quickly adjust production quantities in response to fluctuations in demand, and to rapidly develop new products to meet consumer needs or preferences, or to change product designs in a variety of ways. With these goals, can look at the basic system of production. A production system is systems that include all the functions required to design, produce, and services the system. There are four main parts of the system. Input is whatever goes into the system. Process is where various kinds of operation take place. Output is whatever is produced by the system. Feedback is where information about the output is used to change the input, or change the process, or start up another system. Production system is part of a comprehensive production management system that enables the planning process to be carried out according to plan, preparation of raw materials, planning, calendar scheduling, and planning for the project. (systemsProduction, 2017) Â   New service development involves everything involving product or service design, business model design and marketing. The service system develops new services by investigating markets, types, profits, and period. Test the new business model for customers, testing profitability and potential. Through this process, they can create a finished product. Another important part of the service is competitiveness. Competitiveness means that a product or service offered by a company sells better than its competitors in the market. As long as you have the competitiveness, the company can secure profits by increasing sales. Competition in the market is made by price, quality, product differentiation, elasticity (ability to cope with change) and procurement period. To compete effectively, companies need to understand the market and have enough time to explore and respond to competitors strategy. I am going to discuss what is wrong with the production and service systems of Tesla. I want to find a solution. Specially, Tesla is a company that produces automobiles. Production car is a typical industries that rely on large factory and modern production equipment, granular division of labor, a large-scale homogenization of the labor force. Therefore, it is necessary to cooperate and harmonize with each other in the processes, and smooth flow of production activities and organic combination are absolutely important. When I read this article, I thought it was the biggest problem of Tesla. Tesla has the capacity to build 500,000 vehicles a year at its Fremont, CA plant. But last year it barely managed to build 50,000. This year, it will probably struggle to build 80-90,000. Meanwhile, it has reservations of 375,000 for its forthcoming Model 3 mass-market car, which was unveiled earlier this year and should arrive by 2017. (file:///C:/Users/park/Downloads/Assignment%201-Operations%20management%20.pdf, 2017) The biggest problem with Tesla, why is it not natural for the company to create cars? Tesla is built a new factory to improve manufacturing capacity, but the production of existing plants is not functioning properly. The bigger problem here is that there is no system to properly manage this.Through this article, Tesla knows that the production is not working properly.This is a major drawback to growing up. To succeed in the success of new factory, must overcome factory problems. ÂÂ  In my opinion, the problem is the production management system that can be carried out according to plan. The problem seems to have failed and the feedback has not been answered. I think this problem arises because all the resources (manpower, equipment, materials) in the production process are inoperable. As a result, Tesla is showing this result because it is inconsistent with the input, process, output, and feedback of the production systems. Tesla has invested a huge amount of its budget on creating more industries and infrastructures. However, it is not right to start a new thing without solving the existing problems. In the end, many more losses are left behind. Secondly, Tesla should pay attention to the service. Because they were lack sufficient services to products. The service system shall be configured so that customers can easily understand the various processes through various processes. In order to increase competitiveness, Tesla should keep the service and the process in its highest state. Must develop and develop continuously in production and service system. These developments should be accompanied by staff and customers. In conclusion, we will develop products that are practical and competitive by developing products and operating systems through various studies. This operation is helpful to the development of the company. And it will be a high satisfaction company. In closing, through this project, I am learned more about production and service. A production system is not simply a system of designing and generating systems, but a system that manages and manages planning, service projects, feedback and everything according to plan. And I also felt the importance of the service system. By researching and designing products, they can create a business model, show employees and customers, and make sure that they are able to produce high-quality, profitable products through their feedback. Competitive advantage in global competition depends on the ability to provide high quality products or services at reasonable prices. In addition, faster delivery, faster introduction of new products and new services are becoming important factors in securing competitive advantage over competing companies. Technological changes also enable the production of new products or services and affect production processes. As computer and information technology evolve, new opportunities arise. If I continue to study business and become a manager or manager of a company, I think this information will surely help. Question 3 To connect all the efficiency and profitability in order to maximize the leverage of the organization and shall operate coherently. If theres a problem with the company, theres some sort of operational leverage. Operating leverage operates in a system that complements systems in various enterprises. These businesses have well-defined strategies for the future. Operating strategy ensures that business units compete with competitive advantage over time to support the desired operational structure, infrastructure, and specific set of features it consists of a decision pattern that allows you to achieve it.And also, depending on the changing needs of the business, it can be reflected. These operations should be higher stability and potential. Also, in harmony with all other elements it must work efficiently. Operational strategies have to choose the best way to achieve the objectives and operation. The change in the operating profits is in the reasonable leverage of the company. I am goi ng to discuss what Ryanairs operating lever problems are and write about solutions. The problem with Ryanair, which can be seen through this article, is that it does not care about customers. Because the company offers to already cheap price on airline tickets, they do not have to care customers. But they are missing this part. As a result, the production capacity of the company is gradually lowered affect the profit of the enterprise. The problem of constant customer management leads to companies that customers do not seek despite cheap price. Therefore, Ryanair should be first improved customer satisfaction. If so, the profit of the enterprise comes naturally. As a result, the companys production capacity is gradually lowered, affecting the profit of the enterprise. What does they need any solution for customer care improvement? First, by default there are four key elements. 1. Cost structure While businesses are used to identifying areas of high cost, it is equally important to examine the structure of the cost base (balance between fixed and variable, labour vs IT, operations vs corporate overhead, etc.) and trends in this structure over time. The focus on operations functions tends to be because it is easier to measure their productivity or value. Support and corporate functions are harder to measure precisely because they are essentially knowledge based functions. The key is to develop an appropriate metric for the value that they bring and the investment that is required. 2. Organisation of work Organisational restructuring is an important tool to realign the business with a new strategic direction or to improve productivity. Further analysis is necessary to determine the optimum configuration of teams (skills and responsibilities) and allocation of work (steps in a process). For example, a team may work more efficiently and provide better customer service if they complete the entire process for a particular customer. Alternatively, developing expertise in a particular part of the process may result in greater productivity and better service to customers. Your teams are the experts in what works and doesnt work. Encourage them through a formal process and rewards to maintain a focus on this aspect of business productivity. 3. Business processes This lever continues to be used effectively by businesses and more rigorous approaches such as Six Sigma have gained new currency in recent years. However, with the increased availability of off the shelf technology solutions and enabling technology such as middleware and workflow, the challenge for business is how to maximise the value-add from knowledge based activities as distinct from automation of more standardised, repeatable activities. This requires new ways of thinking regarding process, skills development and training of staff in order to achieve productivity improvement across the business. 4. Knowledge managementWe have referred to knowledge management several times. This is a discipline and a process which is much talked about but often relegated to the realms of information management which in some businesses is viewed as a step above records management. Every business now operates in a global, knowledge based economy. The lever to manipulate for improved performance is the ability to make knowledge an active ingredient in day to day operations. A current example is product life cycle management software. This software not only captures knowledge at every stage of a process for reuse but brings diverse functions together, e.g. Marketing and Engineering, to share information in a common format. Not only does this result in a better product but it also delivers productivity improvement in the process. (Doman Vaughan, 2017) Ryanairs operations manager must first understand the basic elements above. Then we need to educate our employees and develop the system. Efficient and accurate operating system causes an ongoing relationship with customers. In order to improve the productivity of the company it requires the efforts of many officers and staff. They are constantly getting new education must work to improve the operating system. Particularly the operating manager must develop better program based on the knowledge to improve production. However, this requires a rational business after identifying the organization and cost-based structure of the enterprise. In order to improve customer satisfaction, it is essential to provide employees with products that can meet customer expectations, effectively handle customer complaints, and improve employees welfare and sense of unity. Finally customer satisfaction is just the quality of the products but also products with inherent to the product throughout the entire process, including planning, design, design, production, after-sales service of the product corporate culture image, providing a corporate philosophy to customers and consumers satisfaction to We must meet customer expectations more than ever, so customers should be able to increase their repurchase rates and maintain their preference. If Ryanair understands and operates this lever, naturally, customer satisfaction is ensured up a fixed hierarchy. In other words, customer satisfaction management is a management method that seeks to secure long-term and continuous stable profit base that is unaffected by market changes by taking customer satisfaction as the ultimate management goal, deviating from the previous management goal of increasing market share and cost reduction. (Knowledge Encyclopedia, 2017) References Doman Vaughan. (2017, 03 14). Five key levers to productivity improvement . Retrieved from Doman Vaughan: http://domanvaughan.com/productivity-improvement.html file:///C:/Users/park/Downloads/Assignment%201-Operations%20management%20.pdf. (2017, 03 12). Case: The Hubris Effect? p. 4/7. Knowledge Encyclopedia. (2017, 03 14). Customer Satisfaction Management. Retrieved from Knowledge Encyclopedia: http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=463902cid=42109categoryId=42109 Philosophy, C. (2017, 03 06). Retrieved from Corporate Philosophy: http://flyasiana.com/CW/ko/common/pageContent.do?pageId=PC_0590 philosophy, M. (2017, 03 05). Management philosophy. Retrieved from KOREANAIR: https://kr.koreanair.com/korea/ko/about/who-we-are2.html programs, V. e. (2017, 03 06). Various educational programs. Retrieved from https://kr.koreanair.com/korea/ko/about/who-we-are2.html System, C. o. (2017, 03 06). Classification of Manufacturing (Production) System. Retrieved from http://www.mbanetbook.co.in/2010/05/pom-types-or-classification-of.html systems, P. (2017, 03 06). Production systems. Retrieved from Production systems: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/design/resistantmaterials/processystemsrev1.shtml VISION, H. (2017, 03 11). HR VISION. Retrieved from Aisana Airlines: https://recruit.flyasiana.com/ web-books. (n.d.). 11.1. Operations Management in Manufacturing. Retrieved 2 27, 2017, from web-books: http://www.web-books.com/eLibrary/NC/B0/B66/091MB66.htm