The Discovery of Fire in the Early Stone Age

The discovery of fire, or, more precisely, the controlled use of fire, was one of mankinds first great innovations. Fire allows us to produce light and heat, to cook plants and animals, to clear forests for planting, to heat-treat stone for making stone tools, to keep predator animals away, and to burn clay for ceramic objects. It has social purposes as well. Fires serve as gathering places, as beacons for those away from camp, and as spaces for special activities. The Progress of Fire Control The human control of fire likely required the cognitive ability to conceptualize the idea of fire, which itself has been recognized in chimpanzees; great apes have been known to prefer their foods cooked. The fact that experimentation with fire occurred during the early days of humanity should come as no surprise. Archaeologist J.A.J. Gowlett offers this general outline for the development of fire use:  opportunistic use of fire from natural occurrences (lightning strikes, meteor impacts, etc);  limited conservation of fires lit by natural occurrences; use of animal dung or other slow-burning substances to maintain fires in wet or cold seasons; and finally,  kindled fire. Early Evidence The controlled use of fire was likely an invention of our ancestor Homo erectus during the Early Stone Age (or Lower Paleolithic). The earliest evidence of fire associated with humans  comes from Oldowan hominid sites in the Lake Turkana region of Kenya. The site of Koobi Fora contained oxidized patches of earth to a depth of several centimeters, which some scholars interpret as evidence of fire control. The Australopithecine site of Chesowanja in central Kenya (about 1.4 million years old) also contained burned clay clasts  in small areas. Other Lower Paleolithic sites in Africa that contain possible evidence of fire include Gadeb in Ethiopia (burned rock), and Swartkrans (burned bones) and Wonderwerk Cave (burned ash and bone fragments), both in South Africa. The earliest evidence for controlled use of fire outside of Africa is at the Lower Paleolithic site of Gesher Benot Yaaqov in Israel, where charred wood and seeds were recovered from a site dated 790,000 years old. Other evidence has been found at Zhoukoudian, a Lower Paleolithic site in China, Beeches Pit in the U.K., and Qesem Cave in Israel. An Ongoing Discussion Archaeologists examined the available data for European sites and concluded that habitual use of fire wasnt part of the suite of human behaviors until about 300,000 to 400,000 years ago. They believe that the earlier sites are representative of the  opportunistic use of natural fires. Terrence Twomey published a comprehensive discussion of the early evidence for the  human control of fire at 400,000 to 800,000 years ago. Twomey believes that there is no direct evidence for domestic fires between 400,000 and 700,000 years ago, but he believes that other, indirect evidence supports the notion of the controlled use of fire. Indirect Evidence Twomeys argument is based on several lines of indirect evidence. First, he cites the metabolic demands of relatively big-brained Middle Pleistocene hunter-gatherers  and suggests that brain evolution required cooked food. Further, he argues that our distinctive sleep patterns (staying up after dark) are deeply rooted and that hominids began staying in seasonally or permanently cool places by 800,000 years ago. All of this, says Twomey, implies effective control of fire. Gowlett and Richard Wrangham argue that another piece of indirect evidence for the early use of fire is that our ancestors Homo  erectus evolved smaller mouths, teeth, and digestive systems, in striking contrast to earlier hominids. The benefits of having a smaller gut could not be realized until high-quality foods were available all year long. The adoption of cooking, which softens food and makes it easier to digest, could have led to these changes. Hearth Fire Construction A hearth is a deliberately constructed fireplace. The earliest examples were made by collecting stones to contain the fires, or simply by reusing the same location again and again and allowing the ash from previous fires to accumulate. Hearths from the Middle Paleolithic period (about 200,000 to 40,000 years ago) have been found at sites such as the Klasies River Caves in South Africa, Tabun Cave in Israel, and Bolomor Cave in Spain. Earth ovens, on the other hand, are hearths with banked and sometimes domed structures built of clay. These types of hearths were first used during the Upper Paleolithic period for cooking and heating and sometimes for burning clay figurines. The Gravettian Dolni Vestonice site in the modern Czech Republic has evidence of kiln construction, although construction details did not survive. The best information on Upper Paleolithic kilns is from the Aurignacian deposits of Klisoura Cave  in Greece. Fuels Relict wood was likely the fuel used for the earliest fires. Purposeful selection of wood came later: hardwood such as oak burns differently than softwood such as pine, since the moisture content and density of a wood all affect how hot or long it will burn. In places where wood was not available, alternative fuels such as peat, cut turf, animal dung, animal bone, seaweed, and straw were used to build fires. Animal dung was likely not consistently used until after animal domestication  led to the keeping of livestock, about 10,000 years ago. Sources Attwell L., Kovarovic K., and Kendal J.R. Fire in the Plio-Pleistocene: The Functions of Hominin Fire Use, and the Mechanistic, Developmental and Evolutionary Consequences. Journal of Anthropological Sciences, 2015.Bentsen S.E. Using Pyrotechnology: Fire-Related Features and Activities With a Focus on the African Middle Stone Age. Journal of Archaeological Research, 2014.Gowlett J.A.J. The Discovery of Fire by Humans: A Long and Convoluted Process. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2016.Gowlett J.A.J., and Wrangham R.W. Earliest Fire in Africa: Towards the Convergence of Archaeological Evidence and the Cooking Hypothesis. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa, 2013.Stahlschmidt M.C., Miller C.E., Ligouis B., Hambach U., Goldberg P., Berna F., Richter D., Urban B., Serangeli J., and Conard N.J. On the Evidence for Human Use and Control of Fire at Schà ¶ningen. Journal of Human Evolution, 2015.Twomey T. The Cognitive Implications of Controlled Fire Use by Early Humans. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 2013.

Workplace Diversity Within The Workplace - 865 Words

As companies become more diverse in the work field employees are getting harder to manage and understand. One issue in the global market today is workplace diversity. Workplace diversity is defined as all characteristics and experiences that defined each employee as individuals, but it can also be misunderstood as discrimination against employees. Diversity can include race, ethnicity, sex, religion, disability and sexual orientation discrimination. One reason why workplace diversity is important is because when you respect your employees productivity rate rises and many companies do not know that. A diverse workplace targets to create an inclusive culture that values and uses the talents of all employees. Evolution of Workplace Diversity In 1964 the civil rights act made it illegal for employment organizations to practice discrimination in the workplace. Based on race, ethnicity, sex, religion, disability and sexual orientation. In 1965 congress pass an executive order which was 11246 it required contractors to taker affirmative actions and to ensure all employees are getting the same treatment in the workplace. These laws eliminated discrimination of certain classes in the workplace and organizations that did not abide by employment fair labor treatment laws were fine or shut down. Even though some organizations became more diverse the change was slow over time because of certain classes of workers. In order to establish workplace diversity companies began to establishShow MoreRelatedDiversity At Workplace Diversity Within The Workplace3281 Words   |  14 Pages1.0 Diversity at workplace Diversity is a very extensive subject and can be in any genre or class; it is difficult to categorize because of its complex nature. According to Res (2012), diversity can be represented as a variety of human aspects pertaining to different societies and cultures in the workforce or can be explained tolerating the differences. On the contrary, diversity is a quest of differences among human beings in safe, positive and nurturing surroundings and moves beyond simple toleranceRead MoreThe Diversity Within The Workplace1538 Words   |  7 PagesIt is a known fact that in order for companies to flourish, excellent leadership practices and employees go hand-in-hand. What most companies have failed to acknowledge is how diversity within the workplace, especially in management and executive leadership, does not have a very strong presence. Numerous executives have embraced the fact that their hiring practices are inconsistent with their new motto (we do not discriminate†¦), but fail t o realize that it is more of an internal issue than it isRead MoreWorkplace Diversity Within The Workplace1322 Words   |  6 Pagespast decade, diversity in the workplace has become one of the most frequently discussed topics in management groups or circles, while interested academically in the actual prospective of workplace diversity has remained limited. To be successful in managing diversity in the workplace first one must understand it from a personal perspective. To be able to derive knowledge and strength from one’s differences shows deep faces in character. A book I read in high school defined diversity as â€Å"the mosaicRead MoreThe Diversity Within The Workplace1540 Words   |  7 PagesIt is a known fact that in order for companies to flourish, excellent leadership practices and employees go hand-in-hand. What most companies have failed to acknowledge is how diversity within the workplace, especially in management and executive leadership, does not have a ver y strong presence. Numerous executives have embraced the fact that their hiring practices are inconsistent with their new motto (we do not discriminate†¦), but fail to realize that it is more of an internal issue than it isRead MoreThe Diversity Within The Workplace1324 Words   |  6 PagesAs the global reach of each organization grows, their objectives have not changed, however, their look toward leadership has. The increased diversity in the workplace requires superior synchronization by identified employees to meet effectively the mission and vision of the organization. This individual must be capable of meeting the needs of subordinates with their area of expertise with set expectations for meeting organizational goals. While the world analyzed this need, several theories becameRead MoreDiversity Within The Workplace : Diversity6655 Words   |  27 PagesDiversity in the Workplace What diversity are we talking about? We have ethnic mixes, cultural differences, racial diversity, and religions across the spectrum, wide age ranges, class mixes, and sexual orientation options. The world is so connected that we are doing business by e-mail and computer transmission all over the globe at all hours of the day and week. We encounter a staggering variety of people every day. We have so many types of people in the workforce today that we must define whatRead MoreDiversity Within A Diverse Workplace1320 Words   |  6 PagesDiversity is seen as the difference among people. These factors include gender, race, ethnicity, age,sexual orientation,religion,capabilities/disabilities. A Diverse workplace,in the last 30 years, become an important issue to emerge, and it’s effects this can have on a organisation. More and more research has gone into a diverse workplace and effects it can have on an organisation competitive advantage. Although having diverse workplace, bri ngs about opportunities and threats, diversity is complexRead MoreThe Diversity Within The Workplace Essay2257 Words   |  10 Pagesrise to a diverse workforce comprising of different individuals who significantly differ from one another. Diversity in the workplace has been defined as the differences and similarities among the employees that make up an organization in terms of age, cultural background, sex, religion (Anon., n.d.). The diversity in the workplace in terms of age is more often referred to as generational diversity. The desire by some to stay and work longer has led to the current workforce capturing many generationsRead MoreGender Diversity Within The Workplace1323 Words   |  6 PagesGender Diversity in Work Balance between men and women in the workplace has been absent from modern corporations. More often than not, employers discriminate against women for being the domestic partner. But society is changing, and we are creating a cultural lag in society, meaning that women have proven their capabilities to be far superior than what is commonly presumed time and time again, but society still fosters beliefs built on traditional gender roles. Women are not always domestic humans;Read MoreThe Value Of Diversity Within The Workplace1163 Words   |  5 PagesThe Value of Diversity in the Workplace Globalization sets the perfect environment to develop diversity in the workplace. This new society, in which we are currently living, has created a new workforce that is based on its diversity that can greatly help with any business development and growth. In business, diversity brings opportunities to grow, expand and reach out to other markets by utilizing the values, ideas and the diverse skills that people from many different backgrounds have to offer.

Research Papers - 1085 Words

Case Studies for Conflict Resolution: A key element in civil rights training Wisconsin WIC CONFLICT RESOLUTION: CASE STUDIES The following case studies match the scenarios in the online training. Review (watch or read) each scenario, and then answer the questions, below. Think about what you have learned and identify a conflict resolution technique that you would use in each situation. Case Study #1 Julia just finished a certification appointment for Maria, a participant who has cerebral palsy. Maria has some difficulty speaking and uses a wheelchair for mobility.As they head toward the door, Maria says something to Julia. Julia replies, â€Å"I’m sorry, I didn’t understand what you said.† Maria repeats her comment. Julia†¦show more content†¦Angie is having a hard time understanding Sandra. Sandra tries to explain that she can’t get Angie and her daughter appointments together until the end of the following week. Angie is frustrated and says, â€Å"This is not going to work. Obviously you don’t want to help me, why don’t you get someone on the phone who speaks English so I can get my checks.† Sandra says, â€Å"Well, I guess you should have planned ahead instead of waiting until the last minute.† Angie hangs up the phone and decides she will not ever go to this WIC clinic again. Questions to consider: 1. Have you ever been treated rudely by a WIC participant? How did you respond? 2. Write a different response for Sandra to use after Angie asks to speak to someone else. (Hint – try using Cooperative Power) Sandra says Sandra says, â€Å"Well, I guess you should have planned ahead instead of waiting until the last minute.† What might work better? 3 Case Studies for Conflict Resolution: A key element in civil rights training Wisconsin WIC Case Study #4 A WIC clinic in a diverse area employs several bilingual staff. There is a group of staff who speak Hmong, and they often converse in their native language at work. 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United Healthcare Essay - 1136 Words

UnitedHealth Group is a diversified health care company, and a worldwide leader in helping people live healthier lives and taking the necessary steps in making the health system work better for everyone. The UnitedHealth group serves more than 85 million individuals worldwide with health benefits and services. In 2012, they produced revenues of $110.6 billion and were ranked number 17 in the Fortune 500. The economic and political segments would rank the highest in influencing the UnitedHealth Group. The economic segment includes factors such as interest rates, inflation, trade factors, personal, and business savings. These factors affect the income received by individuals, business, and the company in question in this discussion.†¦show more content†¦The health sector is among the most important sectors in the United States economy. The government has enacted certain laws that affect the corporation’s activities and the insurance industry in general. The regulation affects competition among the health insurance companies, and the insurance industry in general. Among the five forces of competition; existing competitive rivalry between suppliers, threat of new market entrants, bargaining power of buyers, power of suppliers and threat of substitute products, the most significant for UnitedHealth Group are threats for substitute products and rivalry among competing firms. Given the fact that there are numerous healthcare insurance firms in the world; there are also a number of substitutes for the corporation products and services. In recent years, the banking industry has become involved in insurance activities. They provide some medical plans, which act as substitutes to the UnitedHealth Group products. Banc assurance, otherwise known as the bank insurance model, is a very common phenomenon in this global world. Banc assurance is an arrangement in which a bank and an insurance company form a partnership so that the insurance company can sell its products to the bank’s client base. This type of partnership can be profitable for both , the bank and the insurance company. 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Digital Classroom Free Essays

I was really wondering what can I learn English when I came here. Because before I couldn’t go to course about English . I haven’t got an idea. We will write a custom essay sample on Digital Classroom or any similar topic only for you Order Now After that we’ve seen two different classroom. Conventional and digital classroom. World is changing everyday. Person finds new technologies idea for everything. And I’m absolutely agree this statement what people learning English are able to make greater progress when using a variety of learning technologies within the classroom. I really like digital classroom. There are lots of advantages. In my opinion IWB is incredible . It looks like game and everybody like to play game. All word use to internet and computer because of this people can be to more interested with lesson. Some times we can want to speak with our friends and we can use to Synchron Eyes. I’m feeling comfortable to digital classroom. Pegasus is helpful for me. I can do some mistakes when I write by handed and after that maybe I can’t see my mistakes. But if I use to Pegasus I can see all my mistakes end of the exam or homework and maybe I can forget my homework but if I look for in the Pegasus I can see my homework. I used to conventional classroom for 23 years. Sometimes computers can’t work . there can be some digital problems. What can I do this time. I can use my book. We’re really old friends with my book. If I am in classroom I want to see my book and I want to use my pencil. This is really important for me. I want to write some notes on the book. As a result two different classroom has a good speciality. I feel confused but actually digital class is better than conventional class. How to cite Digital Classroom, Papers Digital Classroom Free Essays I was really wondering what can I learn English when I came here. Because before I couldn’t go to course about English . I haven’t got an idea. We will write a custom essay sample on Digital Classroom or any similar topic only for you Order Now After that we’ve seen two different classroom. Conventional and digital classroom. World is changing everyday. Person finds new technologies idea for everything. And I’m absolutely agree this statement what people learning English are able to make greater progress when using a variety of learning technologies within the classroom. I really like digital classroom. There are lots of advantages. In my opinion IWB is incredible . It looks like game and everybody like to play game. All word use to internet and computer because of this people can be to more interested with lesson. Some times we can want to speak with our friends and we can use to Synchron Eyes. I’m feeling comfortable to digital classroom. Pegasus is helpful for me. I can do some mistakes when I write by handed and after that maybe I can’t see my mistakes. But if I use to Pegasus I can see all my mistakes end of the exam or homework and maybe I can forget my homework but if I look for in the Pegasus I can see my homework. I used to conventional classroom for 23 years. Sometimes computers can’t work . there can be some digital problems. What can I do this time. I can use my book. We’re really old friends with my book. If I am in classroom I want to see my book and I want to use my pencil. This is really important for me. I want to write some notes on the book. As a result two different classroom has a good speciality. I feel confused but actually digital class is better than conventional class. How to cite Digital Classroom, Papers

Potential Mechanism For Clarifying Habits -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Potential Mechanism For Clarifying Habits? Answer: Introducation Communication is the process of sending and receiving information between two or more people (Habermas, 2015). Communication is a process that cannot be completed with only one person. From the advent of human race, communication has been a very important phenomenon that is required for the exchange of information. The one who sends the information is known as the sender while the one on the other end is known as the receiver (McQuail Windahl, 2015). The information that is passed in the communication cycle reflects various ideas, opinions and thought process of those who are involved in the process. According to Broadbent (2013), the various kind of communication are mentioned below- Verbal communication Non-Verbal communication Written communication Visual representations such as maps, symbols and graphs. Effective communication is one of the most important skills to have in this modern world because effectively passing on the information is mandatory to avoid conflict or any issues (Shockley-Zalabak, 2014). I have faced situations where incomplete communication has lead to many problems including confusion, hurting of sentiments and even conflicts. When I communicate with people I make sure that, the entire information is passed on to the recipients and that I clearly state the ideas. My motive remains that people must clearly understand what I wish to convey, and them agreeing to it or not is completely upon them. This clarity increases the level of trust that people have on the communicator and it makes me feel confident. I have successfully passed on difficult messages to people using effective communication skills and have experienced no conflict or trust issues among the people. When I saw people having a negative image among people and being referred to as an unfriendly person, I realized that the problem was lack of effective communication on the part of that individual. Hence, it allowed me to pursue a positive body language while dealing with people and it has enhanced my public relations massively. Barriers to communication are known as the aspects that deter the communication process and hinder the transfer of information from the sender to receiver (Conrad, 2014). In my first encounter with my office colleagues, I was apprehensive and rather shy to communicate with them. This led them to believing that I am a person with ego and I am a weak communicator. However, soon I understood that I had to get rid of my shyness and apprehensions. The moment I got away from those barriers, colleagues became friends for me and soon we started to share light moments in the team and entire work environment became better for me. Barriers may be of various kinds such as fear, lack of knowledge, natural phenomenon, trust issues, self-image and personal interests (Wibeck, 2014). Individuals can communicate freely with each other keeping the barriers aside but this is not always possible because language may sometimes become a barrier and the receiver may not be aware of a foreign language that t he sender is speaking. Such barriers are very common and lead to communication gap between people in foreign places. Barriers hinder effective communication and this leads people being distanced from each other due to lack of communication. Self-awareness is the ability of an individual to understand their own personality and make an analysis of the various strengths and weakness in their character (Vago, 2014). It is a fact that a person can be happy only if there is awareness about the self. Self-awareness allows me to understand the various qualities that I have in my character. When I face an interview, I stay confident about it because I know where my strengths are and how I can use them to impress the interviewer. Having an idea of the weakness also allows me stay away from areas that can put me into trouble and hence I can work accordingly. The challenges that are posed by various situations can be better analyzed because I know the limits to which I can push myself in order to achieve a target in life. The art of self-awareness came to my attention when I started taking interest in self-talk sessions. Self-talk has benefitted me hugely in allowing me to assess myself in light of the situations that demand my act ion in any form. In this world of globalization, the confluence of culture in the workplace is one of the most evident characteristics of business communication. Cross-cultural communication skills are the most sought after skill sets looked after by leading organizations in their employees and new recruits (Piller, 2013). I am a person who likes communicating with people and hence never faced issues related to cross-cultural communication. Being able in freely communicating with people from various backgrounds, I have learned many things from them and it has improved many skills of mine. Co-ordination is mandatory in the workplace because every organization looks for people who will work as a team and achieve the common goal of the organization. In order to achieve the common goal, it is must for individuals to communicate with each other without any kind of apprehension or barrier in their communication process. Treating people from different ethnic group or culture only complicates the situation a nd worsens the overall performance because it induces bias practices and hence de-motivates the person or group that is treated differently because of culture or ethnicity (Modood, 2017). I feel that such communication should be practiced as people can always learn something new from other culture and their thought process may provide positive aspirations in workplace. Ethical decision-making lays the foundation for successful business communication. Whenever I see someone making a decision impulsively based on personal motives and without a morality that supports the right cause, I can sense the fault in the entire decision making process. Often such decisions backfire and lead to failure and harm the entire organization or team. Learning from those faulty decisions of others, I have started to evaluate a situation deeply before coming to a decision. There are always various implications to a decision that will be taken and all of the implications have to be kept in mind before taking a decision. Ethical decision-making process includes on the part of decision maker to be able to take decisions that are morally correct irrespective of the cost (Crossan, Mazutis Seijts, 2013). I have seen that foreseeing the consequences always helps in taking the decision and it enables me to have a backup in case things go wrong. Taking such ethical decisions ha s led to people gaining confidence on me and the fairness has made people believe that I am a wise person and can be trusted with complicated issues. In order to take ethical approach in decision making it is essential for individuals to refrain from any kind of bias attitude or prejudgments towards the issues that are at hand and needed to be taken a call upon. To conclude, it is essential to have an open approach towards the various issues that may arise in communicating at the professional level. I had weaknesses in communicating with unknown people, but with time I realized that having such an attitude will lead to loss on my part and people will have a wrong perception about me. Hence, I stepped out of my comfort zone, interacted with everyone, and made sure that none of the barriers interrupted my communication process. This lead to people winning trust on me and my overall image became better among them and I received a greater acceptance on all fronts in the workplace. Reference Broadbent, D. E. (2013).Perception and communication. Elsevier. Conrad, D. (2014). Workplace communication problems: Inquiries by employees and applicable solutions.Journal of business studies quarterly,5(4), 105. Crossan, M., Mazutis, D., Seijts, G. (2013). In search of virtue: The role of virtues, values and character strengths in ethical decision making.Journal of Business Ethics,113(4), 567-581. Habermas, J. (2015).Communication and the Evolution of Society. John Wiley Sons. 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